ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT POLARITY EXTRACTS FROM THREE ORGANS OF MAKRUT LIME (CITRUS HYSTRIX DC) AND CORRELATION WITH TOTAL FLAVONOID, PHENOLIC, CAROTENOID CONTENT

ABSTRACTObjectives: The objectives of this research were to study antioxidant activities from various extracts of three organs of makrut lime (Citrus hystrix)using two methods of antioxidant assays, which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC);and correlation of total flavonoid, phenolic, and carotenoid content in various extracts of three organs of makrut lime with IC50 of DPPH antioxidantactivities and EC50 of CUPRAC capacities.Methods: Extraction was performed by reflux apparatus using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator.Antioxidant capacities were tested using DPPH and CUPRAC assays. Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content performed byultraviolet-visible and their correlation with IC50 of DPPH scavenging activities and EC50 of CUPRAC capacities were analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: Ethyl acetate stem extract of makrut lime (ST2) had the lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 0.6 μg/ml and the lowest EC50 of CUPRACcapacity 123 μg/ml. N-hexane stem extract of makrut lime (ST1) had the highest total flavonoid content (8.7 g QE/100 g), ethyl acetate stem extract(ST2) contained the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (8.3 g gallic acid equivalent /100 g and total carotenoid content (1.8 g BE/100 g).Conclusions: There was negatively high correlation between TPC in peel and stem extracts of makrut lime with their IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity.EC50 of CUPRAC capacity of leaves, peel and stem extracts of makrut lime had negative and high correlation with their total flavonoid and carotenoidcontent. IC50 of DPPH scavenging activities in leaves, peel and stem extracts of makrut lime had no linear result with EC50 of CUPRAC capacities.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, Organs, Makrut lime, Flavonoid, Phenolic, Carotenoid

ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF VARIOUS RICE BRAN EXTRACTS OF THREE VARIETIES RICE FROM SEMARANG-CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

Objectives: The objectives of this research were to evaluate antioxidant activity from different polarities rice bran extract of three varieties of rice using two methods of antioxidant testing which were FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content with their EC50 of FRAP and IC50 of DPPH antioxidant activities. Methods: Extraction was conducted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content, antioxidant activities using FRAP and DPPH assays were performed by UV-visible spectrophotometry and its correlation with EC50 of FRAP capacities and IC50 of DPPH scavenging activities were analyzed by Pearson's method. Results: Ethanolic rice bran extract of black rice showed the lowest EC50 of FRAP capacity 64.35 µg/ml and IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 23.92 µg/ml. The highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and carotenoid content were also given by ethanolic rice bran extract of black rice. There were significantly negative correlation between total phenolic content and carotenoid content in rice bran extract of red rice and black rice with their IC50 of DPPH. Conclusions: All of rice bran extracts (except n-hexane rice bran extract of black rice and ethanolic rice bran extract of white rice) were very strong antioxidant, by DPPH assay. Phenolic and carotenoid compounds in rice bran extracts of red rice and black rice were the major contributor in antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. Rice bran extracts of black rice had linear results by FRAP and DPPH assays.Â

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ARABICA GREEN COFFEE FROM THREE REGIONS USING ABTS AND DPPH ASSAYS

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various extracts of arabica green coffee from three different regionsusing two methods of antioxidant testing which were 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content in various extracts of arabica coffee with their IC50 of ABTS and IC50 ofDPPH antioxidant activities.Methods: Extraction was conducted by reflux using various polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidantactivities using ABTS and DPPH assays, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content were performed by UV-visiblespectrophotometry and its correlation with IC50 of ABTS and IC50 of DPPH scavenging activities were analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: The lowest IC50 of ABTS scavenging activity 3.47 µg/ml was given by n-hexane extract of Toraja arabica coffee, while ethanolic extract ofLintong arabica coffee gave the lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 0.7 µg/ml. Ethanolic extract of Madailing arabica coffee gave the highestphenolic content, and its ethyl acetate extract had the highest total flavonoid. There were negative and high correlation between phenolic content andcarotenoid content in Lintong arabica coffee extract with their IC50 of DPPH.Conclusions: All of the arabica green coffee extracts from three regions except LIN1 by ABTS method were categorized as a very strong antioxidant andexcept TOR1 for DPPH method. Phenolic and carotenoid compounds in Lintong arabica coffee extracts were the major contributor in IC50 of DPPHscavenging activities. Arabica coffee extracts from Lintong showed the linear result in ABTS and DPPH assays.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Arabica green coffee, Phenolic,Flavonoid, Carotenoid

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF FRUIT EXTRACTS OF CHAYOTE (SECHIUM EDULE [JACQ.] SWARTZ) GROWN IN DIFFERENT SITES IN JAVA - INDONESIA

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various fruit extracts of chayote from three different sites using twoantioxidant methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdenum methods, correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid,and carotenoid content in various extracts of chayote with their IC50 of DPPH antioxidant activities and EC50 of phosphomolybdenum capacity.Methods: An extraction was carried out by reflux using various polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidantactivities using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content were conducted byultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and its correlation with ICResults: The lowest IC5050 of DPPH and EC50 of phosphomolybdenum were analyzed by Pearson's method. of DPPH scavenging activity was given by n-hexane fruit extract of chayote from Lembang (9.32 µg/ml), while the lowest ECof phosphomolybdenum capacity was given by ethyl acetate fruit extract of chayote from Semarang (209.87 µg/ml). Ethyl acetate chayote fruit extractfrom Malang gave the highest phenolic content and its n-hexane extract had the highest total flavonoid. There were negative and significant correlationbetween total flavonoid content in all of the chayote fruit extracts from three different sites with their IC50 of DPPH and ECConclusions: N-hexane chayote fruit extract from Lembang and Semarang and ethyl acetate chayote fruit extract from Semarang were categorizedas a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Flavonoid compounds in all of the chayote fruit extracts from three different locations were the majorcontributor in their antioxidant activities by DPPH and phosphomolybdenum methods. All of the chayote fruit extracts from Lembang, Semarang, andMalang had a linear result in DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Phosphomolybdenum, Chayote, Fruit, Different sites.50of phosphomolybdenum.50Â

PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT ORGANS OF EGGPLANT (SOLANUM MELONGENA L.) GROWN IN WEST JAVA-INDONESIA

  Objectives: The goals of this research were to evaluate antioxidant potential from different organs of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and correlation of total phenolic and flavonoid content with their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH, and exhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of FRAP.Materials and Methods: Each sample was extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH and FRAP assays, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content were carried out by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and correlation with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP capacities were analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: The lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 1.14 μg/ml and the lowest EC50 of FRAP capacity 49.80 μg/ml was given by ethanolic leaves extract of eggplant. Ethanolic leaves extract of eggplant also presented the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (8.87 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g), while the highest total flavonoid content was shown by ethyl acetate leaves extract (24.50 g quercetin equivalent/100 g). There was a significantly negative correlation between TPC in leaves and fruit extracts of eggplant with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP.Conclusions: All different extracts of eggplant organs (except n-hexane stem extract) were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in eggplant leaves and fruit extracts were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP methods. DPPH and FRAP showed linear results in antioxidant activities of eggplant leaves, fruit and stem extracts

ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF THREE KINDS OF LEMON GRASS GROWN IN WEST JAVA-INDONESIA

ABSTRACTObjective: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various herbs extracts of three kinds of lemon grass using twoantioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and correlation of totalphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total carotenoid contents (TCC) with their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC) of DPPH andexhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of FRAP.Methods: A sample was extracted by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidantactivities using DPPH and FRAP assays, determination of TPC, TFC, and TCC were carried out by ultraviolet -visible spectrophotometry and correlationwith their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP capacities were analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: The ethanolic herbs extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CC) had the lowest IC5050 of DPPH scavenging activity 2.75 µg/ml and the lowest ECof FRAP capacity 12.22 µg/ml. Ethanolic herbs extract of Cymbopogon winterianus exposed the highest phenolic content and its n-hexane extractpresented the highest carotenoid content. Ethyl acetate herbs extract of CC gave the highest flavonoid content. There was significantly negativecorrelation between TPC in CC herbs extract with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP.Conclusions: All herbs extracts from three kinds of lemon grass were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compoundsin CC were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP methods. DPPH and FRAP gave linear result in antioxidant activities ofherbs extract of three kinds of lemon grass.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, Lemon grass, Three kinds, Herbs.5

ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SUPER RED DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS COSTARICENSIS) COLLECTED FROM WEST JAVA-INDONESIA

Objectives: The goals of this research were to observe antioxidant properties from different parts of super red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS).Methods: Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and ABTS assays, total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoid content by Chang's method.Results: Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH scavenging activity of all of the extracts in the range of 2.69 μg/ml was −94.17 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate peel extract of super red dragon fruit expressed the highest TPC (4.56 g GAE/100 g) and the highest total flavonoid content (12.63 g QE/100 g). TPC in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit had a negative and significant correlation with their IC50 of ABTS. The IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS of flesh extract of super red dragon fruit showed positive and significant correlation.Conclusion: All different parts extracts of super red dragon fruit (except n-hexane flesh extract) were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by ABTS method. DPPH and ABTS showed linear results in antioxidant activities of super red dragon fruit flesh extract

COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF KLUTUK BANANA (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA)

Objective: Banana is a plant that grows in Indonesia and is widely consumed by Indonesian people. One of banana type is klutuk banana (Musa balbisiana Colla). There were many types of researches about klutuk banana for antidiabetic activity; however, antidiabetic activity of its peel and pulp are still unknown. Methods: The objective of the study was to determine of antihyperglycemic activity of different parts of klutuk banana. Animals were divided into 15 groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (glibenclamide 0.65 mg/kg body weight (bw), and 12 sample groups. All animals were given 2 g/kg bw glucose monohydrate and blood glucose level was measured every 30 min for 120 min. Results: The results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that KPE2 (klutuk peel extract 350 mg/kg bw) gave higher activity to decrease blood glucose level compared to the other groups at the minute of 30 (-24.83%; p. 0.00), 60 (-33.93%; p. 0.000), 90 (-46.29%; p. 0.000) and 120 (-35.44%; p. 0.000). Conclusion: The klutuk peel extract has very strong antioxidant activity and antihyperglycemic activity at a dose of 350 mg/kg bw

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES FROM VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF KELAKAI (STENOCHLAENA PALUSTRIS) GROWN IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN - INDONESIA

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various extracts of different parts of kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris[Burm.f.] Bedd) using two antioxidant testing methods, which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP), and correlation of total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and total carotenoid contents (TCC) with their inhibitoryconcentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH and exhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of FRAP.Methods: Sample was extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using vacuum rotary evaporator. Antioxidantactivities were tested using DPPH and FRAP assays, determination of TPC, TFC, and TCC was carried out by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, andcorrelation with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP capacities was analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: Ethanolic root extract of kelakai (S. palustris) had the lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 0.8 µg/ml and the lowest EC of FRAP capacity5.4 µg/ml. Ethanolic kelakai root extract demonstrated the highest phenolic content, ethyl acetate young leaves extract had the highest flavonoidcontent, and the highest carotenoid content was given by n-hexane root extract. There was significantly negative correlation between TPC in rootextract of kelakai with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP.Conclusions: All different extracts of kelakai parts were categorized as very strong antioxidants by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in kelakairoot extract were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP methods. DPPH and FRAP showed linear results in antioxidantactivities of root kelakai extract.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, Stenochlaena palustris, Young leaves, Old leaves, Root.5

PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF POMELO (CITRUS MAXIMA [BURM.] MERR.) USING 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZYL AND PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM ASSAYS

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various organs extracts of pomelo using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)andphosphomolybdenumassays,totalphenolic,flavonoid,andcarotenoidcontent,correlationoftotalphenolic,flavonoid,andcarotenoidcontentinvariousextractsofchayotewith theirinhibitoryconcentration50%(IC) of DPPH antioxidant activities and exhibitoryconcentration 50% (EC50) of phosphomolybdenum capacity, and correlation between two antioxidant assays.50Methods: Extraction was carried out by reflux using various polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidantactivities using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content were conducted by UVvisiblespectrophotometryand its correlationwith ICResults: The lowest IC5050 of DPPH and EC50 of phosphomolybdenum was analyzed by Pearson's method. of DPPH scavenging activity was shown by ethyl acetate cortex extract of pomelo (0.68 µg/ml), whereas the lowest EC ofphosphomolybdenum capacity was given by ethyl acetate leaves extract of pomelo (101.36 µg/ml). Ethyl acetate cortex extract of pomelo had thehighest total phenolic content and ethyl acetate leaves extract had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC). There was a negative and significantcorrelation between TFC in cortex and peel extracts of pomelo with their IC50 of DPPH.Conclusions: All organs extracts of pomelo (except n-hexane peel extract) were classified as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Flavonoidcompounds in cortex and peel extract of pomelo were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH method. DPPH and phosphomolybdenumassays gave no linear results in antioxidant activities of leaves, cortex, and peel extracts of pomelo.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Phosphomolybdenum, Pomelo, Three organs.5