Der verfassungsrechtliche Schutz des Eigentums in der krankenversicherungsrechtlichen Bedarfsplanung: Das Nachbesetzungsverfahren nach § 103 Abs. 3a – 6 SGB V

Die Arbeit hat die Analyse der Nachbesetzungsregelungen des § 103 Abs. 3a – 6 SGB V zum Gegenstand, also inwiefern ein Vertragsarztsitz bzw. einzelne Stellen angestellter Ärzte in einem zulassungsbeschränkten Bereich nach zu besetzen sind. Diese Fragestellung wird dabei anhand einer Abwägung der individuellen Freiheitsrechte, insbesondere des Eigentumsrechts nach Art. 14 Abs. 1 GG, mit den öffentlichen Bedarfsinteressen unter Berücksichtigung der einfachrechtlichen Regelungsstrukturen und des Statusrechts der Leistungserbringer beantwortet. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass dringender Überarbeitungsbedarf besteht, da die bisherigen Regelungen grundlegende Garantien des Eigentumsschutzes der Leistungserbringer nicht berücksichtigen

Physical determinants of asymmetric cell divisions in the early development of Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Asymmetric cell divisions are of fundamental importance for the development of multicellular organisms, e.g. for the generation of founder cells. Prime examples are asymmetric cell divisions in germline precursors during the early embryogenesis of the transparent roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, one of the major developmental model organisms. However, due to a lack of quantitative data it has remained unclear how frequent unequal daughter cell sizes emerge in the worm’s early embryogenesis, and whether these originate from sterical or biochemical cues. Using quantitative light-sheet microscopy, we have found that about 40% of all cell divisions in C. elegans until gastrulation generate daughter cells with significantly different volumes. Removing the embryo’s rigid eggshell revealed asymmetric divisions in somatic cells to be primarily induced by steric effects. Division asymmetries in the germline remained unaltered and were correctly reproduced by a model based on a cell-size independent, eccentric displacement of the metaphase plate. Our data suggest that asymmetric cell divisions, imposed by physical determinants, are essential for establishing important cell-cell interactions that eventually fuel a successful embryogenesis

The FOXO Transcription Factor DAF-16 Bypasses ire-1 Requirement to Promote Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis

SummaryThe unfolded protein response (UPR) allows cells to adjust the capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the load of ER-associated tasks. We show that activation of the Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor DAF-16 and its human homolog FOXO3 restore secretory protein metabolism when the UPR is dysfunctional. We show that DAF-16 establishes alternative ER-associated degradation systems that degrade misfolded proteins independently of the ER stress sensor ire-1 and the ER-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase complex sel-11/sel-1. This is achieved by enabling autophagy-mediated degradation and by increasing the levels of skr-5, a component of an ER-associated ubiquitin ligase complex. These degradation systems can act together with the conserved UPR to improve ER homeostasis and ER stress resistance, beyond wild-type levels. Because there is no sensor in the ER that activates DAF-16 in response to intrinsic ER stress, natural or artificial interventions that activate DAF-16 may be useful therapeutic approaches to maintain ER homeostasis