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Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Background
Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories.
Methods
We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Findings
In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs.
Interpretation
Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention.
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Psychoactive substance uses among people living with HIV/AIDS in Western Ethiopia: a multi-centered facility-based cross-sectional study
Background: Substance use is very prevalent among HIV-infected people. We examined psychoactive substance use and tobacco smoking among people living with HIV/AIDS in West Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were done to identify the factors associated with alcohol intake, current smoking, and khat use. The variables found significant with a p-value < .2 at bivariable were treated as candidates for the multivariable regression model. P-values of < .05 and 95% CI level were used as statistically significant differences for the final models. Results: A total of 418 participants were included in the study, making the response rate 88%. About 152 (36.4%) were khat chewers (36.4, 95%CI: 31.6–40.9) and 175 (41.9%) with 95% CI (37.6–46.4) of them are current smokers. Lack of formal education (AOR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.36, 10.67), strong social support (AOR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.59), urban resident (AOR = 3.52, 95%CI: 1.32, 9.34), and being single (AOR = 11.84; 95% CI: 2.4, 8.57) were found to be significantly associated with psychoactive substance use among people living with HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: This study found that there are higher psycho-active substance users among people infected with HIV compared to the national data level of the same group of population