Implications of climate variability and climate change on water resources availability and water resources management in West

Abstract This paper discusses the implications of climatic variability and change for water resources systems in West Africa, with particular reference to hydrological systems, water resources availability, and water resources management. The paper in particular discusses issues related to rainfall tends, seasonal variations in river flows, mean annual trends in river flows and discharges, and local variations and extremes of river discharges. The paper also discusses the climate change implications for groundwater variations, water resources availability and climatic events (including droughts and floods). The results show that a lot of spatial and temporal variations occur regionally and locally, but in general there have been downward trends in rainfall and increases in water deficits and drought events. The paper then discusses the response sttategies needed to adapt to the climate change impacts on water resources, and emphasizes the need for both water supplydemand adaptations, details of which are discussed in the paper. The paper finally discusses the mechanisms needed for the implementation of the adapta tion measures. Such mechanisms include: (a) building capacity and manpower development of water institutions in the region for producing hydrological and hydroclimatological data; (b) public participation and the involvement of stakeholders; (c) the establishment of both national and regional cooperation; and (d) the need for climate and other environmental data collection and monitoring

Evaluation of the ECMWF Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Precipitation Forecasts during the Peak of West Africa Monsoon in Nigeria

Motivated by the increasing needs for reliable seasonal climate forecasts for enhanced living and protection of property, this study evaluates the predictive skill of the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast's Sub-seasonal to Seasonal (ECMWF-S2S) precipitation forecasts during the peak of West Africa Monsoon in Nigeria. It investigates the ability of the ECMWF-S2S model to reproduce the atmospheric dynamics that influence the monsoon variability in West-Africa. Rain gauge values of 46 meteorological stations and 10-member ensemble of ECMWF-S2S forecasts from the Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) version of the ECMWF were subjected to quantitative statistical analyses. Results show that the model has weak capability in predicting wind strength at 700 mb level to depict the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). However, irrespective of the ENSO phases, ECMWF-S2S model is capable of adequately and reliably predicting the latitudinal positions of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD), mean sea level pressure component of the thermal lows and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. On inter-annual time-scales, results also show that ECMWF-S2S model performs best over the Savannah in forecasting of rainfall anomalies (synchronization = 75%) and over the Sahel in the prediction of rainfall accumulation. The model may however not be able to forecast extreme precipitation reliably because the disagreement between the model's ensemble members increases as higher rainfall accumulation values are attained. The implication here is that the reproducibility of the atmospheric dynamic by the model is a better measure of rainfall prediction than the actual quantitative rainfall forecasts especially in areas south of latitude 10°N. The study therefore suggests considering some climate driving mechanisms as predictability sources for the ECMWF-S2S model to enable the atmospheric dynamics to be better represented in the model