The Classification of the Largest Caps in AG(5, 3)

AbstractWe prove that 45 is the size of the largest caps in AG(5,3), and such a 45-cap is always obtained from the 56-cap in PG(5,3) by deleting an 11-hyper-plane

Mangafodipir Protects against Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice

Mangafodipir is a contrast agent used in magnetic resonance imaging that concentrates in the liver and displays pleiotropic antioxidant properties. Since reactive oxygen species are involved in ischemia-reperfusion damages, we hypothesized that the use of mangafodipir could prevent liver lesions in a mouse model of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. Mangafodipir (MnDPDP) was compared to ischemic preconditioning and intermittent inflow occlusion for the prevention of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse.Mice were subjected to 70% hepatic ischemia (continuous ischemia) for 90 min. Thirty minutes before the ischemic period, either mangafodipir (10 mg/kg) or saline was injected intraperitoneally. Those experimental groups were compared with one group of mice preconditioned by 10 minutes' ischemia followed by 15 minutes' reperfusion, and one group with intermittent inflow occlusion. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury was evaluated by measurement of serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity, histologic analysis of the livers, and determination of hepatocyte apoptosis (cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activity). The effect of mangafodipir on the survival rate of mice was studied in a model of total hepatic ischemia.<0.01), and by higher rates of survival in treated than in untreated animals (P<0.001). The level of protection by mangafodipir was similar to that observed following intermittent inflow occlusion and higher than after ischemic preconditioning.Mangafodipir is a potential new preventive treatment for hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Synergistic Effects of Apigenin and Paclitaxel on Apoptosis of Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND: It was well known that the clinical use of chemotherapeutic drugs is restricted by severe adverse reactions and drug resistances. Thus it is necessary to figure out a strategy to increase the specific anti-tumor efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs. Apigenin, a kind of flavonoids, has been reported to possess anticancer activities with very low cytotoxicity to normal tissue. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our results from cell viability assay, western-blots and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay demonstrated the synergistic pro-apoptotic effects of a low dose of apigenin and paclitaxel in human cancer cell lines. To analyze the underlying mechanism, we examined reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining after cells were treated with a combination of apigenin and paclitaxel, or each of them alone. Data from flow-cytometry showed that superoxides but not reduction of peroxides accumulated in HeLa cells treated with apigenin or a combination of apigenin and paclitaxel. Apigenin and paclitaxel-induced HeLa cell apoptosis was related to the level of ROS in cells. We further evaluated activity and protein level of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Apigenin significantly inhibited SOD activity but did not alter the SOD protein level suggesting that apigenin promoted ROS accumulation through suppressing enzyme activity of SOD. Addition of Zn(2+), Cu(2+) and Mn(2+) to cell lysates inhibited apigenin's effects on SOD activity. At the same time, data from caspase-2 over-expression and knocked-down experiments demonstrated that caspase-2 participated in apigenin and paclitaxel-induced HeLa cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, our study demonstrated that apigenin can sensitize cancer cells to paclitaxel induced apoptosis through suppressing SOD activity, which then led to accumulation of ROS and cleavage of caspase-2, suggesting that the combined use of apigenin and paclitaxel was an effective way to decrease the dose of paclitaxel taken

Secondary mineral formation associated with respiration of nontronite, NAu-1 by iron reducing bacteria

Experimental batch and miscible-flow cultures were studied in order to determine the mechanistic pathways of microbial Fe(III) respiration in ferruginous smectite clay, NAu-1. The primary purpose was to resolve if alteration of smectite and release of Fe precedes microbial respiration. Alteration of NAu-1, represented by the morphological and mineralogical changes, occurred regardless of the extent of microbial Fe(III) reduction in all of our experimental systems, including those that contained heat-killed bacteria and those in which O(2), rather than Fe(III), was the primary terminal electron acceptor. The solid alteration products observed under transmission electron microscopy included poorly crystalline smectite with diffuse electron diffraction signals, discrete grains of Fe-free amorphous aluminosilicate with increased Al/Si ratio, Fe-rich grains, and amorphous Si globules in the immediate vicinity of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances. In reducing systems, Fe was also found as siderite. The small amount of Fe partitioned to the aqueous phase was primarily in the form of dissolved Fe(III) species even in the systems in which Fe(III) was the primary terminal electron acceptor for microbial respiration. From these observations, we conclude that microbial respiration of Fe(III) in our laboratory systems proceeded through the following: (1) alteration of NAu-1 and concurrent release of Fe(III) from the octahedral sheets of NAu-1; and (2) subsequent microbial respiration of Fe(III)

Chronic Helminth Infections Protect Against Allergic Diseases by Active Regulatory Processes

Developed countries are suffering from an epidemic rise in immunologic disorders, such as allergy-related diseases and certain autoimmunities. Several studies have demonstrated a negative association between helminth infections and inflammatory diseases (eg, allergy), providing a strong case for the involvement of helminth infections in this respect. However, some studies point in the opposite direction. The discrepancy may be explained by differences in frequency, dose, time, and type of helminth. In this review, new studies are discussed that may support the concept that chronic helminth infections in particular—but not acute infections—are associated with the expression of regulatory networks necessary for downmodulating allergic immune responses to harmless antigens. Furthermore, different components of regulatory networks are highlighted, such as the role of regulatory T and B cells, modulation of dendritic cells, early innate signals from structural cells (eg, epithelial cells), and their individual contributions to protection against allergic diseases. It is of great interest to define and characterize specific helminth molecules that have profound immunomodulatory capacities as targets for therapeutic application in the treatment or prophylaxis of allergic manifestations

Morphodynamique de dunes sous-marines en contexte de plate-forme mégatidale (Manche orientale). Approche multi-échelles spatio-temporelles

Submarine dune dynamics is studied in the context of a macrotidal continental shelf subjected to the swell action. Off Dieppe (Eastern English Channel), the gravelly-sand seabed is moulded by dunes and sand banks, and characterized by gradients in hydrodynamics, morphologies and sediment grain-size, which are studied according to various spatial (grain, dune, gradient) and temporal scales (moment, semi-diurnal and semi-lunar tidal cycles, year, several decades). Multivaried analysis, carried out on morphological, sedimentary and hydrodynamic parameters, showed that the sediment grain-size and sediment availability are the main controlling factors of the morphology and the dynamics of the dunes. The inter-dune variability is more pronounced than the intra-dune variability, when sediment and benthic characteristics are considered. Over a 56-year period, repeated bathymetric surveys show a decrease in dune migration rates when observation periods are longer, implying a significant and frequent oscillation of dune displacements. On periods longer than one year, the dune movement concern the whole sedimentary bedform and the direction coincides with that of the residual of tide. On the semi-diurnal to the semi-lunar tidal cycle timescales, dune displacements are often confined in the crest zone. It seems that sedimentary budget is reorganized along the dune field and not at the scale of each single dune. Sediment flux calculations (bedload, non-uniform sediment) show that waves, even weak, can reverse residual sedimentary transport direction and increase the amount of transported sediments (from 10 to 100 times more for significant wave height of 1.5 m, and up to 1000 times more for annual waves). VHR seismic measurements make it possible to visualize dune internal architecture. 0.5 to 4 ° dipping discontinuities (second- order) constitute the dune master-bedding and their periodicity of formation is estimated to be inclued between 4 and 18 years. These periodicities are similar to those observed from the wavelet analysis carried out on the chronicles of tide and wave time-series recorded in the study area, and on a NAO index chronicle. Preserved second-order discontinuities are interpreted as erosive surfaces due to a temporary inversion of dune migration, caused by exceptional storm events. Their formation seems to obliterate several second-order discontinuities formed previously during weaker wave events. The medium term climatic fluctuations, which control the variability of the storm events, are presented as being the main factor influencing dune dynamics on the long term. This study of an exceptional dune field in the Eastern English Channel, according to various spatial and temporal scales, allows to put forward new interpretations as for modalities of the mobility of submarine dunes. These results can answer applied concerns, such as maritime safety, the hiding objects.La Manche orientale est une plate-forme continentale mégatidale soumise à l'action de la houle. Au large de Dieppe, les fonds marins sablo-graveleux modelés de dunes et de bancs sableux, et caractérisés par un gradient hydro - morpho - sédimentaire, sont étudiés selon plusieurs échelles spatiales (grain, dune, gradient) et temporelles emboîtées (instantané, cycles semi-diurne, et semi-lunaire, année, plusieurs décennies). Des analyses multi-variées, réalisées sur des paramètres morphologiques, sédimentaires et hydrodynamiques, ont montré que la granulométrie et le disponible sédimentaire sont les facteurs principaux de contrôle de la morphologie et de la dynamique des dunes. Une variabilité inter-dune beaucoup plus marquée que la variabilité intra-dune est mise en évidence à partir des caractéristiques granulométriques et benthiques. Sur une période de 56 ans, des levés bathymétriques répétés montrent un ralentissement des vitesses de migration des dunes lorsque la période d'observation considérée s'allonge, ce qui témoigne d'une oscillation importante et fréquente des déplacements des dunes. Sur les pas de temps supérieurs à un an, le corps dunaire dans son ensemble se déplace et la direction de migration des dunes coïncide avec celle du résiduel de marée. A l'échelle du cycle semi - diurne au cycle semi - lunaire, les déplacements sont souvent cantonnés à la zone de crête. Une réorganisation des stocks sédimentaires se fait à l'échelle du champ de dunes, et non à l'échelle de la dune. Les calculs de flux charriés en granulométrie étendue montrent qu'une houle, même faible, peut inverser le transport sédimentaire résiduel et augmenter les quantités de sédiments transportées (de 10 à 100 fois plus pour une hauteur significative de houle de 1,5 m, et jusqu'à 1000 fois plus pour des houles annuelles). Des mesures de sismique THR permettent de visualiser des discontinuités, pentées de 0,5 à 4 ° (2nd ordre), qui constituent le maître-litage des dunes et dont la périodicité de formation est estimée entre 4 et 18 ans. Ces périodicités sont similaires à celles observées à partir des analyses en ondelettes réalisées sur les chroniques de marée et de houle de la zone d'étude, et sur une chronique d'indice NAO. Les discontinuités de 2nd ordre, préservées dans l'architecture interne dunaire, sont interprétées comme des surfaces érosives dues à une inversion temporaire de migration des dunes, provoquée par des évènements de tempêtes exceptionnelles. Leur mise en place semble oblitérer plusieurs discontinuités de 2nd ordre formées précédemment pendant des épisodes de houles plus faibles. Les fluctuations climatiques à moyen terme qui contrôlent la variabilité des évènements de tempête sont présentées comme étant le facteur principal influençant la dynamique des dunes sur le long terme. Ce champ dunaire exceptionnel de la Manche orientale, permet par cette étude à échelles spatiale et temporelle emboîtées, d'avancer de nouvelles interprétations quant aux modalités de la mobilité des dunes sous-marines. Ces résultats peuvent répondre à des préoccupations appliquées telles que la sécurité maritime, l'enfouissement ou le dégagement d'objets