A CRISE NAS DEMOCRACIAS OCIDENTAIS NO SÉCULO XXI: o problema da representação e o ódio à política

In his book Against Elections, David Van Reybrouck argues that democracy today faces a crisis of legitimacy and efficiency: fewer people participate in political procedures and governments are no longer able to solve problems promptly. He identifies four culprits for what he calls the Democratic Fatigue Syndrome: politicians, democracy, representative democracy, and elective representative democracy. However, most of his comments emphasize European data and events, in order to later present a general problem with democracy. This article proposes to try to argue that Reybrouck's analysis could be applied to western democracies and that the problems generated by the discontent with the representative system expands hatred not only for democracy but also for politics. This occurs by the fact that today the representative model is commonly seen as inseparable from democracy, which, in turn, is seen inseparable from politics, so that, discontent with the representation turns into hatred for politics.Em seu livro Against Elections, David Van Reybrouck defende que a democracia hoje enfrenta uma crise de legitimidade e eficiência: menos pessoas participam dos processos políticos, e os governos não conseguem mais solucionar rapidamente os problemas. Ele identifica quatro culpados para o que chama de Síndrome da Fadiga Democrática: os políticos, a democracia, a democracia representativa e a democracia eleitoral representativa. Todavia, a maioria de seus comentários concentra-se em eventos e dados europeus, para então se referir a um problema geral com a democracia. Este artigo busca argumentar que a análise de Reybrouck pode ser aplicada às democracias ocidentais, e que os problemas gerados por esse descontentamento com o sistema representativo expandem seu ódio não só à democracia, mas também à política. Isso ocorre pelo fato de hoje o modelo representativo ser visto comumente como indissociável da democracia, a qual, por sua vez, é vista hoje como indissociável da política, de modo que o descontentamento com a representação se transforma em ódio à política

O papel do professor no ensino filosófico de filosofia

Este artigo se propõe a mostrar qual é o papel a ser desempenhado pelo professor no ensino de filosofia. Diferentemente do ensino de história da filosofia, cujo objetivo é a produção de comentários de um filósofo, o ensino filosófico busca desenvolver o pensamento autônomo do aluno, propiciando a reflexão autoral. Para que isto ocorra, é necessário que o estudante tenha liberdade para refletir e opinar, e que ele receba avaliações dos seus argumentos, a fim de aperfeiçoa-los e se desenvolver filosoficamente

Oilfield carbonated produced water recycling coupled to exopolysaccharide transformation by lelliottia amnigena

It was tested the production of a viscous exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Lelliottia amnigena using different concentrations (10, 15, 25, 50 and 100%) of produced water (PW) and Dialyzed PW (DPW) at 100% concentration, with a nutrient medium based on glycerin and sucrose as carbon sources in 44 h batches. There was an increase in EPS recovery when used PW up to a concentration of 25%. The viscosity of the EPS solutions was maintained with DPW and up to 15% of PW, such a condition resulted in 9.34 gL− 1 of EPS, representing an increase of 84.9% compared to the control (P < 0.0001). The PW 15% increased the viscosity per produced liter by 114.3% (P < 0.0001). Scanning electron microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that EPS adsorbed mineral constituents of the substrate and its characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was similar to an external control of a commercial EPS produced by an Enterobacter A47 strain. PW at 15% becomes an alternative to increase the EPS production process and can contribute to the mitigation of environmental damage through sustainable PW management in the oilfield chain.The authors acknowledge the support by ANP—Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, related to the grant from R&D investment rule, and the financed support by Petrogal Brasil S.A, Grant Number [34/2017].info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Métodos diagnósticos de Toxoplasmose Congênita: revisão de literatura

&nbsp;This article aims to evaluate the diagnostic methods for congenital toxoplasmosis. This is an integrative review using the VHL, SciELO, LILACS and PubMed as databases over the last 5 years. 272 articles on the topic were evaluated with an emphasis on a synthesis of the most recent knowledge and greater scientific consistency. We found that, despite the performance of real-time PCR, it is relevant to consider less invasive methods, as it depends on amniocentesis.Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar os métodos diagnósticos de toxoplasmose congênita. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa utilizando como base de dados a BVS, a SciELO, o LILACS e o PubMed, nos últimos 5 anos. Foram avaliados 272 artigos sobre o tema com ênfase em uma síntese dos conhecimentos mais recentes e de maior consistência científica. Verificamos que, apesar do desempenho da PCR em tempo real, é relevante considerar métodos menos invasivos, visto que depende de amniocentese

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Granular cell tumor of anal border

The objective of this report is to describe a case of granular cell tumor of the anal border and to review the most relevant topics of the literature on the subject. Ours is a female patient, 57 years old, with an asymptomatic nodule in the anal border for 2 years. Surgical excision was performed, with a histopathological diagnosis of granular cell tumor. The first description of this tumor was carried out in 1926 by Abrikossoff. The techniques of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy allowed us to determine its origin in Schwann cells. These are rare tumors, most often diagnosed between the 4th and 6th decade of life and, in general, are benign formations – only 2% of them are malignant. These tumors can occur in any part of the body, although they are more common in the oral mucosa, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The treatment solely by surgery has a curative effect, and its recurrence is unusual. The location in the anal/perianal area occurs even more rarely, and we found only 48 cases previously described in the literature. Resumo: O objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de tumor de células granulares de borda anal e revisar os tópicos mais relevantes da literatura acerca do tema. Trata-se de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 57 anos, com histórico de nódulo na borda anal assintomático há 2 anos. Foi realizada ressecção cirúrgica da lesão, com diagnóstico histopatológico de tumor de células granulares. A primeira descrição deste tumor foi em 1926 por Abrikossoff. As técnicas de imunohistoquímica e de microscopia eletrônica permitiram determinar a sua origem nas células de Schwann. São tumores raros, mais frequentes entre a 4ª e 6ª década de vida e, no geral, benignos, apenas 2% são malignos. Podem ocorrer em qualquer parte do corpo, embora sejam mais comuns na mucosa bucal, derme e tecido celular subcutâneo. O tratamento cirúrgico isolado é curativo e a recorrência incomum. A localização no ânus/canal anal/perianal é ainda mais rara, sendo encontrados apenas 48 casos previamente descritos na literatura. Keywords: Anal canal, Granular cell tumor, Neoplasms, Case reports, Palavras-chave: Canal anal, Tumor de células granulares, Neoplasias, Relatos de caso

Acidogenesis of Pentose Liquor to Produce Biohydrogen and Organic Acids Integrated with 1G–2G Ethanol Production in Sugarcane Biorefineries

Second-generation (2G) ethanol production has been increasingly evaluated, and the use of sugarcane bagasse as feedstock has enabled the integration of this process with first-generation (1G) ethanol production from sugarcane. The pretreatment of bagasse generates pentose liquor as a by-product, which can be anaerobically processed to recover energy and value-added chemicals. The potential to produce biohydrogen and organic acids from pentose liquor was assessed using a mesophilic (25 °C) upflow anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor in this study. An average organic loading rate of 11.1 g COD·L−1·d−1 was applied in the reactor, resulting in a low biohydrogen production rate of 120 mL·L−1 d−1. Meanwhile, high lactate (38.6 g·d−1), acetate (31.4 g·d−1), propionate (50.1 g·d−1), and butyrate (50.3 g·d−1) production rates were concomitantly obtained. Preliminary analyses indicated that the full-scale application of this anaerobic acidogenic technology for hydrogen production in a medium-sized 2G ethanol distillery would have the potential to completely fuel 56 hydrogen-powered vehicles per day. An increase of 24.3% was estimated over the economic potential by means of chemical production, whereas an 8.1% increase was calculated if organic acids were converted into methane for cogeneration (806.73 MWh). In addition, 62.7 and 74.7% of excess organic matter from the 2G ethanol waste stream could be removed with the extraction of organic acid as chemical commodities or their utilization as a substrate for biomethane generation, respectively