Diagnosis Of Vertical Root Fracture With Cone-beam Computerized Tomography In Endodontically Treated Teeth: Three Case Reports

A definitive diagnosis of vertical root fracture (VRF) is often a challenging task for clinicians. This is because two dimensional periapical radiographs are usually unable to detect the fracture line due to the direction of the X-ray beam. This report presents a set of 3 cases of endodontically treated teeth that were diagnosed with VRFs based on findings from clinical, radiographic, and cone-beam computerized tomographic (CBCT) examinations. After extraction, VRFs were confirmed in all cases. The presence of periodontal pockets or other signs which would compromise the correct diagnosis could not be detected in all three cases. Fracture lines were only visible with the aid of CBCT which provided useful information for the diagnosis and management of VRF. However, the clinical and radiographic data should not be discarded, but used in conjunction with CBCT.827579Ozer, S.Y., Detection of vertical root fractures of different thicknesses in endodontically enlarged teeth by cone beam computed tomography versus digital radiography (2010) J Endod, 36 (7), pp. 1245-1249Ozer, S.Y., Unlu, G., Deger, Y., Diagnosis and treatment of endodontically treated teeth with vertical root fracture: Three case reports with two-year follow-up (2011) J Endod, 37 (1), pp. 97-102Fuss, Z., Lustig, J., Tamse, A., Prevalence of vertical root fractures in extracted endodontically treated teeth (1999) Int Endod J, 32 (4), pp. 283-286Morfis, A.S., Vertical root fractures (1990) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 69 (5), pp. 631-635Tang, L., Zhou, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Zheng, Q., Huang, D., Detection of vertical root fracture using cone beam computed tomography: Report of two cases (2011) Dent Traumatol, 27 (6), pp. 484-488Cohen, S., Blanco, L., Berman, L., Vertical root fractures: Clinical and radiographic diagnosis (2003) J Am Dent Assoc, 134 (4), pp. 434-441Yeh, C.J., Fatigue root fracture: A spontaneous root fracture in nonendodontically treated teeth (1997) Br Dent J, 182 (7), pp. 261-266Youssefzadeh, S., Gahleitner, A., Dorffner, R., Bernhart, T., Kainberger, F.M., Dental vertical root fractures: Value of CT in detection (1999) Radiology, 210 (2), pp. 545-549Meister Jr., F., Lommel, T.J., Gerstein, H., Diagnosis and possible causes of vertical root fractures (1980) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 49 (3), pp. 243-253Hassan, B., Metska, M.E., Ozok, A.R., van der Stelt, P., Wesselink, P.R., Detection of vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth by a cone beam computed tomography scan (2009) J Endod, 35 (5), pp. 719-722Nogueira Leal da Silva, E.J., Romao Dos Santos, G., Liess Krebs, R., Coutinho-Filho tde, S., Surgical Alternative for Treatment of Vertical Root fracture: A Case Report (2012) Iran Endod J, 7 (1), pp. 40-44Tamse, A., Fuss, Z., Lustig, J., Ganor, Y., Kaffe, I., Radiographic features of vertically fractured, endodontically treated maxillary premolars (1999) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 88 (3), pp. 348-352Nesari, R., Rossman, L.E., Kratchman, S.I., Cone-beam computed tomography in endodontics: Are we there yet (2009) Compend Contin Educ Dent, 30 (6), pp. 312-320Kamburoǧlu, K., Ilker Cebeci, A., Gröndahl, H.G., Effectiveness of limited cone-beam computed tomography in the detection of horizontal root fracture (2009) Dent Traumatol, 25 (3), pp. 256-261Mora, M.A., Mol, A., Tyndall, D.A., Rivera, E.M., In vitro assessment of local computed tomography for the detection of longitudinal tooth fractures (2007) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 103 (6), pp. 825-829Hannig, C., Dullin, C., Hülsmann, M., Heidrich, G., Three-dimensional, non-destructive visualization of vertical root fractures using flat panel volume detector computer tomography: An ex vivoin vitro case report (2005) Int Endod J, 38 (12), pp. 904-913Nair, M.K., Nair, U.D.P., Gröndahl, H.G., Webber, R.L., Wallace, J.A., Detection of artificially induced vertical radicular fractures using tuned aperture computed tomography (2002) Eur J Oral Sci, 109 (6), pp. 375-379Varshosaz, M., Tavakoli, M.A., Mostafavi, M., Baghban, A.A., Comparison of conventional radiography with cone beam computed tomography for detection of vertical root fractures: An in vitro study (2010) J Oral Sci, 52 (4), pp. 593-597Bernardes, R.A., de Moraes, I.G., Húngaro Duarte, M.A., Azevedo, B.C., de Azevedo, J.R., Bramante, C.M., Use of cone-beam volumetric tomography in the diagnosis of root fractures (2009) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 108 (2), pp. 270-277Hassan, B., Metska, M.E., Ozok, A.R., van der Stelt, P., Wesselink, P.R., Comparison of five cone beam computed tomography systems for the detection of vertical root fractures (2010) J Endod, 36 (1), pp. 126-129Valiozadeh, S., Khosravi, M., Azizi, Z., Diagnostic accuracy of conventional, digital and Cone Beam CT in vertical root fracture detection (2011) Iran Endod J, 6 (1), pp. 15-20Patel, S., Dawood, A., Wilson, R., Horner, K., Mannocci, F., The detection and management of root resorption lesions using intraoral radiography and cone beam computed tomography-an in vivo investigation (2009) Int Endod J, 42 (9), pp. 831-838Fuss, Z., Lustig, J., Katz, A., Tamse, A., An evaluation of endodontically treated vertical root fractured teeth: Impact of operative procedures (2001) J Endod, 27 (1), pp. 46-48Cotton, T.P., Geisler, T.M., Holden, D.T., Schwartz, S.A., Schindler, W.G., Endodontic applications of cone-beam volumetric tomography (2007) J Endod, 33 (9), pp. 1121-1132Patel, S., Dawood, A., Ford, T.P., Whaites, E., The potential applications of cone beam computed tomography in the management of endodontic problems (2007) Int Endod J, 40 (10), pp. 818-830Patel, S., Dawood, A., Whaites, E., Pitt Ford, T., New dimensions in endodontic imaging: Part 1.Conventional and alternative radiographic systems (2009) Int Endod J, 42 (6), pp. 447-462Rud, J., Omnell, K.A.K.E., Root fractures due to corrosion diagnostic aspects (1970) Eur J Oral Sci, 78 (1-4), pp. 397-403Tofangchiha, M., Adel, M., Bakhshi, M., Esfehani, M., Nazeman, P., Ghorbani Elizeyi, M., Digital radiography with computerized conventional monitors compared to medical monitors in vertical root fracture diagnosis (2013) Iran Endod J, 8 (1), pp. 14-17Shemesh, H., van Soest, G., Wu, M., Wesselink, P.R., Diagnosis of vertical root fractures with optical coherence tomography (2008) J Endod, 34 (6), pp. 739-742Zou, X., Liu, D., Yue, L., Wu, M., The ability of cone-beam computerized tomography to detect vertical root fractures in endodontically treated and nonendodontically treated teeth: A report of 3 cases (2011) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 111 (6), pp. 797-801Edlund, M., Nair, M.K., Nair, U.P., Detection of vertical root fractures by using cone-beam computed tomography: A clinical study (2011) J Endod, 37 (6), pp. 768-772Katsumata, A., Hirukawa, A., Noujeim, M., Okumura, S., Naitoh, M., Fujishita, M., Ariji, E., Langlais, R.P., Image artifact in dental cone-beam CT (2006) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 101 (5), pp. 652-657Soǧur, E., Baksi, B., Gröndahl, H.G., Imaging of root canal fillings: A comparison of subjective image quality between limited cone-beam CT, storage phosphor and film radiography (2007) Int Endod J, 40 (3), pp. 179-185Parirokh, M., Ardjomand, K., Manochehrifar, H., Artifacts in cone-beam computed tomography of a post and core restoration: A case report (2012) Iran Endod J, 7 (2), pp. 98-101(2011) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 111 (2), pp. 234-237. , Use of cone-beam computed tomography in endodontics Joint Position Statement of the American Association of Endodontists and the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial RadiologyPatel, S., New dimensions in 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Renormalization Group and Asymptotic Spin--Charge separation for Chiral Luttinger liquids

The phenomenon of Spin-Charge separation in non-Fermi liquids is well understood only in certain solvable d=1 fermionic systems. In this paper we furnish the first example of asymptotic Spin-Charge separation in a d=1 non solvable model. This goal is achieved using Renormalization Group approach combined with Ward-Identities and Schwinger-Dyson equations, corrected by the presence of a bandwidth cut-offs. Such methods, contrary to bosonization, could be in principle applied also to lattice or higher dimensional systems.Comment: 45 pages, 11 figure

1,6-Cyclophellitol Cyclosulfates : A New Class of Irreversible Glycosidase Inhibitor

The essential biological roles played by glycosidases, coupled to the diverse therapeutic benefits of pharmacologically targeting these enzymes, provide considerable motivation for the development of new inhibitor classes. Cyclophellitol epoxides and aziridines are recently established covalent glycosidase inactivators. Inspired by the application of cyclic sulfates as electrophilic equivalents of epoxides in organic synthesis, we sought to test whether cyclophellitol cyclosulfates would similarly act as irreversible glycosidase inhibitors. Here we present the synthesis, conformational analysis, and application of novel 1,6-cyclophellitol cyclosulfates. We show that 1,6-epi-cyclophellitol cyclosulfate (α-cyclosulfate) is a rapidly reacting α-glucosidase inhibitor whose 4C1 chair conformation matches that adopted by α-glucosidase Michaelis complexes. The 1,6-cyclophellitol cyclosulfate (β-cyclosulfate) reacts more slowly, likely reflecting its conformational restrictions. Selective glycosidase inhibitors are invaluable as mechanistic probes and therapeutic agents, and we propose cyclophellitol cyclosulfates as a valuable new class of carbohydrate mimetics for application in these directions

1,6-Cyclophellitol Cyclosulfates : A New Class of Irreversible Glycosidase Inhibitor

The essential biological roles played by glycosidases, coupled to the diverse therapeutic benefits of pharmacologically targeting these enzymes, provide considerable motivation for the development of new inhibitor classes. Cyclophellitol epoxides and aziridines are recently established covalent glycosidase inactivators. Inspired by the application of cyclic sulfates as electrophilic equivalents of epoxides in organic synthesis, we sought to test whether cyclophellitol cyclosulfates would similarly act as irreversible glycosidase inhibitors. Here we present the synthesis, conformational analysis, and application of novel 1,6-cyclophellitol cyclosulfates. We show that 1,6-epi-cyclophellitol cyclosulfate (α-cyclosulfate) is a rapidly reacting α-glucosidase inhibitor whose 4C1 chair conformation matches that adopted by α-glucosidase Michaelis complexes. The 1,6-cyclophellitol cyclosulfate (β-cyclosulfate) reacts more slowly, likely reflecting its conformational restrictions. Selective glycosidase inhibitors are invaluable as mechanistic probes and therapeutic agents, and we propose cyclophellitol cyclosulfates as a valuable new class of carbohydrate mimetics for application in these directions

Tidal Evolution of Close Binary Asteroid Systems

We provide a generalized discussion of tidal evolution to arbitrary order in the expansion of the gravitational potential between two spherical bodies of any mass ratio. To accurately reproduce the tidal evolution of a system at separations less than five times the radius of the larger primary component, the tidal potential due to the presence of a smaller secondary component is expanded in terms of Legendre polynomials to arbitrary order rather than truncated at leading order as is typically done in studies of well-separated system like the Earth and Moon. The equations of tidal evolution including tidal torques, the changes in spin rates of the components, and the change in semimajor axis (orbital separation) are then derived for binary asteroid systems with circular and equatorial mutual orbits. Accounting for higher-order terms in the tidal potential serves to speed up the tidal evolution of the system leading to underestimates in the time rates of change of the spin rates, semimajor axis, and mean motion in the mutual orbit if such corrections are ignored. Special attention is given to the effect of close orbits on the calculation of material properties of the components, in terms of the rigidity and tidal dissipation function, based on the tidal evolution of the system. It is found that accurate determinations of the physical parameters of the system, e.g., densities, sizes, and current separation, are typically more important than accounting for higher-order terms in the potential when calculating material properties. In the scope of the long-term tidal evolution of the semimajor axis and the component spin rates, correcting for close orbits is a small effect, but for an instantaneous rate of change in spin rate, semimajor axis, or mean motion, the close-orbit correction can be on the order of tens of percent.Comment: 40 pages, 2 tables, 8 figure