Leprosy Reactions in Patients Coinfected with HIV: Clinical Aspects and Outcomes in Two Comparative Cohorts in the Amazon Region, Brazil

<div><p>Background</p><p>Leprosy, caused by <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>, can lead to scarring and deformities. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lymphotropic virus with high rates of replication, leads to cell death in various stages of infection. These diseases have major social and quality of life costs, and although the relevance of their comorbidity is recognized, several aspects are still not fully understood.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>Two cohorts of patients with leprosy in an endemic region of the Amazon were observed. We compared 40 patients with leprosy and HIV (Group 1) and 107 leprosy patients with no comorbidity (Group 2) for a minimum of 2 years. Group 1 predominantly experienced the paucibacillary classification, accounting for 70% of cases, whereas Group 2 primarily experienced the multibacillary classification (80.4% of cases). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of leprosy reactions among the two groups (37.5% for Group 1 vs. 56.1% for Group 2), and the most frequent reaction was Type 1. The appearance of Group 1 patients’ reversal reaction skin lesions was consistent with each clinical form: typically erythematous and infiltrated, with similar progression as those patients without HIV, which responded to prednisone. Patients in both groups primarily experienced a single episode (73.3% in Group 1 and 75% in Group 2), and Group 1 had shorter reaction periods (≤3 months; 93.3%), moderate severity (80%), with 93.3% of the patients in the state of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and 46.7% presenting the reaction at the time of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>This study used a large sample and makes a significant contribution to the clinical outcomes of patients in the reactive state with comorbid HIV and leprosy. The data indicate that these diseases, although concurrent, have independent courses.</p></div

Distribution of patients correlating the clinical form with leprosy reaction type.

<p>Source: Research Protocol, 2012.</p><p>Distribution of patients correlating the clinical form with leprosy reaction type.</p

Distribution of patients according to clinical characteristics during the reactional states.

<p>Source: Research Protocol, 2012.</p><p>Distribution of patients according to clinical characteristics during the reactional states.</p

Distribution of patients according to the clinical characteristics of leprosy reactions.

<p>Source: Research Protocol, 2012.</p><p>Distribution of patients according to the clinical characteristics of leprosy reactions.</p

Distribution of patients exhibiting leprosy reactions with the characteristics of co-infected patients.

<p>Source: Research protocol, 2012.</p><p>Distribution of patients exhibiting leprosy reactions with the characteristics of co-infected patients.</p

Distribution of patients according to sex, age, and operational and clinical classification.

<p>Source: Research Protocol, 2012.</p><p>Distribution of patients according to sex, age, and operational and clinical classification.</p