Bending the Pipeline? Executive Search and Gender Inequality in Hiring for Top Management Jobs

We study the sources of women’s underrepresentation in hiring for top management jobs by focusing on the context of executive search. Using data that include proprietary information on 10,970 individuals considered by a search firm, we examine the sources of the low proportion of women placed in senior roles. Contrary to received wisdom, we find limited evidence that demand-side screeners strongly contribute to gender disadvantage in this setting. What gender differences exist tend to play out at the start of the hiring process and are driven both by supply-side and demand-side actors. Once considered for a position, women are no less likely than men to be hired—though they are slightly less likely to be interviewed by the search firm. Our findings highlight the theoretical importance of disentangling candidates’ “self-steering” behavior from the “pipeline bending” of hiring agents. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding gender inequality at upper echelons of the labor market

Synthesis and antiproliferative study of phosphorescent multimetallic Re(I)/Au(I) complexes containing fused imidazo[4, 5-f]-1, 10-phenanthroline core

Five heterobimetallic Re-I/Au-I and a tri-metallic Re-I/Au-I/Re-I species following the formulas fac-ReCl (CO)(3)(NNCAuR)](0/+) and (fac-ReCl (CO)(3)(NNC)])(2)Au](+), where R is an iodide (1), phenylacetylene (2), dodecanethiol (3), 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose (4) and JohnPhos (5) and NNC is the fused imidazo4, 5-f]-1, 10-phenanthroline heterotopic ligand, were synthesised and fully characterised by a variety of spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The resultant complexes are luminescent in the orange region, revealing classical metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((MLCT)-M-3) ((Re (d pi) -> (NNC)(pi*)) emission in aerated DMSO solution. The red shifted emission observed on going from 3 to 4 suggests that the electronic properties of the gold ancillary ligand are implicated in the emissive properties. Antiproliferative activity in tumour cell lines, lung (A549) and cervix (HeLa) cells revealed that only complex 4 containing a 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose as gold ancillary ligand possesses certain cytotoxicity in both cell lines

Estratégias para a gestão da água em espaços verdes: Jardins complexos vs relvados.

Os espaços verdes urbanos são hoje em dia bastante comuns em qualquer ambiente Mediterrâneo, em forma de jardins complexos e/ou relvados, ocupando em alguns casos vastas áreas. A estratégia de gestão da água irá proporcionar a sua manutenção de acordo com os padrões de qualidade visual requeridos. Atendendo a que, estes espaços não visam a produção máxima de biomassa então, a estratégia para a gestão da água de rega não deverá ser a mesma da utilizada na produção de alimentos. A rega dos relvados deverá ser estabelecida com base no conhecimento da evapotranspiração da paisagem (ETL, mm/dia), função da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo, mm) e do coeficiente da paisagem (KL). A gestão da rega deverá ser estabelecida atendendo às características do solo existente no local. Nos jardins complexos onde existem misturas de plantas com diferentes exigências em água (com diferentes valores de KL) a gestão da rega torna-se mais complicada. Este estudo visa assim classificar as diferentes áreas verdes existentes em ambiente Mediterrâneo e mostrar de que forma é possível melhor adequar as estratégias de rega à gestão da água em relvados e jardins complexos, atendendo às diferentes necessidades hídricas das plantas, de forma a torná-los mais sustentáveis numa região sujeita a escassez hídrica.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Resilience Processes Demonstrated by Young Gay and Bisexual Men Living with HIV: Implications for Intervention

Given the increasing numbers of young gay/bisexual men (YGBM) diagnosed with HIV, it is important to understand the resilience processes enacted by this population in order to develop interventions that support their healthy development. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 54 YGBM (ages 17 to 24; 57% African American, 22% Latino) living with HIV from four geographically diverse clinics in the United States. Resilience processes clustered into four primary thematic areas: (1) engaging in health-promoting cognitive processes; (2) enacting healthy behavioral practices; (3) enlisting social support from others; and (4) empowering other young gay/bisexual men. These data suggest that YGBM living with HIV demonstrate resilience across multiple dimensions, including intrapersonal-level resilience related to individual cognitions and behaviors, as well as interpersonal-level resilience related to seeking support and providing support to others. Implications for the development of culturally-appropriate and strengths-based secondary prevention and other psychosocial interventions for YGBM living with HIV are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140154/1/apc.2013.0330.pd

Guadalfeo and Adra submarine deltas evolution in response to sediment supply variations

The Guadalfeo and the Adra submarine deltas off the northern coast of the Alboran Sea have been built up under the direct influence of short and mountainous rivers. The area is subjected to strong climatic seasonality, with sporadic winter torrential floods and high summer aridity. In addition numerous anthropogenic activities have affected these systems, mostly during the last two centuries. In order to decode the influence of climatic variability and anthropogenic impacts on sediment supplies during the recent past, five sediment cores were collected from the Guadalfeo and Adra submarine deltas. Benthic foraminiferal and sedimentological analyses, combined with radiocarbon dating, were performed. The impact of torrential floods alternating with periods of low rainfall or dry periods were recorded in the Adra and Guadalfeo prodeltas. Periods with low abundance of benthic foraminifera and high amounts of coarse-grained sediments, were interpreted as the result of enhanced sediment supply to the shelf triggered by major flood events. On the other hand, periods with high amounts of fine-grained sediments and high abundances of colonizers and opportunistic foraminiferal species indicate the establishment of new environments with distinct ecological constraints. These environments were driven by lower sediment supplies during low rainfall or dry periods. The most recent sedimentation seems to reflect the human interventions in the rivers basins, such as deviation of the main river courses and dams construction, which reduced the sediment input and promoted the deposition of shallow-water submarine deltas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The KINDRA project. Sharing and evaluating groundwater research and knowledge in Europe

Groundwater knowledge and research in the European Union is often scattered and non-standardised, because of different subjects involved and different approaches from Member States. The Horizon2020 project KINDRA has conducted an EU-wide assessment of existing groundwater-related practical and scientific knowledge based on a new Hydrogeological Research Classification System, identifying more than 280 keywords related to three main categories (namely Operational Actions, Research topics and Societal Challenges) to be intersected in a 3D-diagram approach. The classification is supported by a web-service, the European Inventory of Groundwater Research, which acts not only as knowledge repository but also as a tool to help identify relevant researchm topics, existing research trends and critical research challenges. The records have been uploaded during the project by 20 national experts from National Associations of Geologists, under the umbrella of the European Federation of Geologists. The total number of metadata included in the inventory at the end of the project are about 2300, and the analysis of the results is considered useful for producing synergies, implementing policies and optimising water management in Europe. By the use of additional indicators, the database content has been analysed by occurrence of keywords, type of document, level of innovation. Using the three-axes classification, more easily understandable by 2D diagrams as bubble plots, occurrence and relationship of different topics (main categories) in groundwater research have been highlighted. This article summarizes the activities realized in relation to the common classification system and to the metadata included in the EIGR, showing the distribution of thecollected information in different categories and attributes identified by the classification

A novel hybrid material with calcium and strontium release capability

The preparation of PDMS–TEOS–CaO hybrid materials by sol–gel techniques has been widely described in previous works. Calcium nitrate is the most common source of calcium used in these preparations. However, to remove possible toxic nitrate by-products a thermal treatment is necessary at temperatures above 500 1C, which leads to the degradation of the polymeric components of the hybrids. Strontium has already shown some promising results in the therapeutic area, being used in cases of osteoporosis and low bone density. In this study a new potential bioactive hybrid material was prepared, by sol–gel techniques, using calcium acetate as a novel calcium source. Also, for the first time, incorporation of strontium in a PDMS–TEOS hybrid system was evaluated. Samples were characterized before and after immersion in Kokubo’s Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) by SEM, EDS, ICP and FT-IR spectroscopy

Predation risk increases in estuarine bivalves stressed by low salinity

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGSalinity drops in estuaries after heavy rains are expected to increase in frequency and intensity over the next decades, with physiological and ecological consequences for the inhabitant organisms. It was investigated whether low salinity stress increases predation risk on three relevant commercial bivalves in Europe. In laboratory, juveniles of Venerupis corrugata, Cerastoderma edule, and the introduced Ruditapes philippinarum were subjected to low salinities (5, 10 and control 35) during two consecutive days and, afterwards, exposed to one of two common predators in the shellfish beds: the shore crab Carcinus maenas and the gastropod Bolinus brandaris, a non-indigenous species present in some Galician shellfish beds. Two types of choice experiment were done: one offering each predator one prey species previously exposed to one of the three salinities, and the other offering each predator the three prey species at the same time, previously exposed to one of the three salinities. Consumption of both predators and predatory behaviour of C. maenas (handling time, rejections, consumption rate) were measured. Predation rates and foraging behaviour differed, with B. brandaris being more generalist than C. maenas. Still, both predators consumed significantly more stressed (salinity 5 and 10) than non-stressed prey. The overall consumption of the native species C. edule and V. corrugata was greater than that of R. philippinarum, likely due to their vulnerability to low salinity and physical traits (e.g., thinner shell, valve gape). Increasing precipitations can alter salinity gradients in shellfish beds, and thus affect the population dynamics of harvested bivalves via predator–prey interactions.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CTM2014-51935-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. BES-2015-074211Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GRC2013-00

Effects of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) and its inhibitor, Noggin, on in vitro maturation and culture of bovine preimplantation embryos

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>BMP4 is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily and Noggin is a potent BMP inhibitor that exerts its function by binding to BMPs preventing interactions with its receptors. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of BMP4 and Noggin, on oocytes <it>in vitro </it>maturation (m experiments) and embryos <it>in vitro </it>development (c experiments) of bovine.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>For m experiments, COCs were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries and <it>in vitro </it>matured in TCM with 100 ng/ml of either BMP4 or Noggin. After 24 h, the nuclear stage of the oocytes was determined by staining with Hoechst 33342. In addition, RT-qPCR was performed on MII oocytes to study the relative concentration of <it>ZAR1, GDF9, BAX, MATER </it>and <it>HSP70 </it>transcripts. Treated oocytes were submitted to parthenogenic activation (PA) or <it>in vitro </it>fertilization (IVF) and cultured in CR2. For c experiments, non-treated matured oocytes were submitted to PA or IVF to generate embryos that were exposed to 100 ng/ml of BMP4 or Noggin in CR2 until day nine of culture. Cleavage, blastocyst and hatching rates, expression pattern of the transcription factor Oct-4 in blastocysts and embryo cell number at day two and nine post-activation or fertilization were evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that Noggin, as BMP4, did not affect oocyte nuclear maturation. Noggin supplementation up-regulated the expression of <it>HSP70 and MATER </it>genes in matured oocytes. Moreover, BMP4 during maturation increased the proportion of Oct-4 positive cells in parthenogenic embryos. On the other hand, when Noggin was added to embryo culture medium, developmental rates of parthenogenic and <it>in vitro </it>fertilized embryos were reduced. However, BMP4 addition decreases the development only for <it>in vitro </it>fertilized embryos. BMP4 and Noggin during culture reduced the proportion of Oct-4-expressing cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results show that BMP4 is implicated in bovine oocytes maturation and embryo development. Moreover, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that a correct balance of BMP signaling is needed for proper pre-implantation development of bovine embryos.</p