Instituciones y éxito regional cafetero en Colombia

Las instituciones son fundamentales para explicar las diferentes trayectorias de desarrollo de los países y las regiones. Un marco institucional más equitativo da mejores incentivos y aumenta el desempeño económico en el largo plazo. Este artículo analiza el efecto de los arreglos institucionales en la estructura de la propiedad de la tierra del siglo XIX y, a través suyo, sobre el éxito regional de la actividad cafetera en el siglo XX

The use of mycoviruses in the control of forest diseases

Producción CientíficaFifteen families of mycoviruses have been described and 80% of these catalogued. However, their evolutionary relationship with fungi is not clear. The mycovirus genome can be formed by single- or double-stranded RNA or single-stranded DNA. The effects of mycoviruses range from the induction of a cryptic state (asymptomatic) to promotion of hyper- or hypovirulence in the host. Horizontal transmission of mycoviruses is determined by the presence of different vegetative compatibility types and mating types. Biocontrol of chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) has been found to be a successful mycovirus-based treatment and is considered a model in forest disease management. Development of this type of biological control tool for use in other forest pathologies requires a sound knowledge of viral symptomatology and transmission. The present review focuses on the application of mycoviruses and the prospects for future use in the biological control of forest diseases as well as on advances in mycovirus-applied research in forestry, landscape and culture of woody plants.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project AGL2012-39912

Men's and Women's Basketball Coverage in the Spanish Digital Press During the 2016 Rio Olympics

Se analizan las diferencias en la representación de mujeres y hombres en las noticias de baloncesto en la prensa deportiva digital española durante los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016 desde una perspectiva de género con el objetivo de investigar si la cobertura mediática fue desigual. La muestra está compuesta por 679 noticias publicadas en Marca.com y MundoDeportivo.com del 1 de julio al 30 de septiembre de 2016. El estudio analizó 15 variables: fecha, deporte, sexo del tema principal, nacionalidad, número de fotografías, autoría, fuentes de información externas. , discurso directo e indirecto, noticias sobre medallas, tema principal, representación de los temas principales, marcado de género y presencia de estereotipos de género y su tipología en el texto y fotografías. Los resultados muestran una clara desigualdad en la representación de mujeres y hombres tanto (i) cuantitativa como (ii) cualitativamente: (i) los equipos femeninos estaban subrepresentados en la información y las fotografías y (ii) la naturaleza del contenido. Finalmente, se argumenta que una mayor cobertura de las deportistas por sí sola es insuficiente para lograr la igualdad a menos que vaya acompañada de un cambio cualitativo

PCDD/F formation from chlorophenols by lignin and manganese peroxidases

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) formation was studied, in vitro, with two different chlorophenol mixtures (group “di+tri” 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,3,4-, 2,3,5-, and 3,4,5-trichlorophenols and group “tri+tetra+penta” with 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) and two different lignolytic enzymes, lignin and manganese peroxidase (LiP and MnP respectively), which can be found during the composting process of sewage sludge. The concentrations of PCDD/F in final samples are compared to the PCDD/F content of the control samples containing the chlorophenols. High increases were observed for experiments with MnP and phosphate buffer. Experiments that contained tri-, tetra- and pentachlorophenol with MnP resulted in more than 8 · 108 ng of OCDD kg−1 chlorophenol which was much higher than the initial amount (1 · 107 ng OCDD kg−1 chlorophenol). In relation to LiP experiments, only those at 37 °C showed a moderate increase (from 1.3 · 107 to 2.6 · 107 ng of OCDD kg−1 chlorophenol). The results agree with the literature in which high amounts of HpCDD and OCDD were found after a composting process and could explain the biogenic formation suggested by others, but the incidence on the total toxicity is less than that expected.The authors want to thank the University of Alicante for their economic support to perform this research and the project CTQ 2008-05520 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Prometeo 2009/043/FEDER of the Valencian Community of Spain

Teacher profile, well-being and emotional competences for the school improvement

Esta investigación muestra la relación existente entre la competencia emocional, el bienestar personal y el estilo educativo entendiendo estos aspectos esenciales a la hora de promover procesos de mejora en la escuela. 230 participantes completaron cuestionarios sobre competencia emocional, bienestar y estilos educativos. Los resultados muestran, mayoritariamente, unos docentes con estilo educativo asertivo y altas puntuaciones en competencia emocional, así como una más que significativa correlación estadística entre alta puntuación en competencia emocional y elevado bienestar personal. Todo ello confirma que aquellos docentes con mayor competencia emocional disfrutan igualmente de un mayor bienestar personalThis research shows the relationship between Emotional Competence, Well-Being and Educational Style, understanding its importance to promote school improvement processes. 230 participants completed questionnaires of Emotional Competence (Profile of Emotional Competence), Well-Being (Scale of Well-Being) and Teacher Profile (Scale PEC). The results show that the majority of teachers have an assertive educational profile, a high score in Emotional Competence and that there is a very significant relationship between teachers with high score in Emotional Competence and Well-being simultaneously. This fact confirms that more emotionally competent teachers enjoy greater personal well-bein

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to intense sweeteners and contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 1136, 1444, 4299), reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 4298), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 1221, 4298), and maintenance of tooth mineralisation by decreasing tooth demineralisation (ID 1134, 1167, 1283) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006

En este artículo argumentamos que la naturaleza pública o privada de la educación tiene una incidencia directa en las instituciones que conforman la realidad social. Para sustentar lo anterior, en primer lugar discutimos cómo, según Searle, habitamos un mundo de instituciones gobernadas por reglas y poderes deónticos, ontológicamente irreductibles. Luego, postulamos que la intencionalidad colectiva requiere de la confianza para mantenerse, y esta aumenta cuando gobiernan reglas y poderes deónticos en circunstancias normales. Finalmente, planteamos que la educación pública es una institución que, a diferencia de la privada, privilegia el espacio de lo común. Sócrates es un ejemplo de esto, al proponer una filosofía que no solo busca la verdad, sino que además privilegia el reconocimiento de la ley por sobre la satisfacción inmediata de deseos e inclinaciones personales. De todo esto se explica el círculo virtuoso: la educación pública, al ser inclusiva y beneficiar a todos, potencia las instituciones sociales que tutelan ese interés y, dentro de ellas, el servicio público.In this article, we argue that the public or private nature of education strongly influences institutions in social reality. We first show how we dwell in a world of institutions whose creation and maintenance is governed by rules and deontic powers. Importantly, these are not reducible by ontologically objective sciences. Secondly, we claim that collective intentionality requires trust, which arises as the aforementioned powers are deployed under normal conditions, for example, when rules are observed. Finally, we argue that public education is an institution that, unlike private education, works for the common good. Socrates is an example of this, as his philosophy seeks not only truth, but also the acknowledgement of law rather than the immediate satisfaction of desires and personal inclinations. The virtuous circle can thus be described as follows: public education, which aims to benefit all, strengthens social institutions that are aimed at common good, amongst them public service

MAP17 (PDZK1IP1) and pH2AX are potential predictive biomarkers for rectal cancer treatment efficacy

Rectal cancer represents approximately 10% of cancers worldwide. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy increases complete pathologic response and local control, although it offers a poor advantage in survivorship and sphincter saving compared with that of radiotherapy alone. After preoperative chemoradiotherapy, approximately 20% of patients with rectal cancer achieve a pathologic complete response to the removed surgical specimen; this response may be related to a better prognosis and an improvement in disease-free survival. However, better biomarkers to predict response and new targets are needed to stratify patients and obtain better response rates. MAP17 (PDZK1IP1) is a small, 17 kDa non-glycosylated membrane protein located in the plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus and is overexpressed in a wide variety of human carcinomas. MAP17 has been proposed as a predictive biomarker for reactive oxygen species, ROS, inducing treatments in cervical tumors or laryngeal carcinoma. Due to the increase in ROS, MAP17 is also associated with the marker of DNA damage, phosphoH2AX (pH2AX). In the present manuscript, we examined the values of MAP17 and pH2AX as surrogate biomarkers of the response in rectal tumors. MAP17 expression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy is able to predict the response to chemoradiotherapy, similar to the increase in pH2AX. Furthermore, we explored whether we can identify molecular targeted therapies that could help improve the response of these tumors to radiotherapy. In this sense, we found that the inhibition of DNA damage with olaparib increased the response to radio- and chemotherapy, specifically in tumors with high levels of pH2AX and MAP17.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2013–2016, ISCIII (Fis: PI15/00045) and CIBER de Cáncer (CB16/12/00275)co-funded by FEDER from Regional Development European Funds (European Union), Consejería de Ciencia e Innovación (CTS-1848)Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0096–2014)

Antonio Fernández Alba: el reto de una exposición

Antonio Fernández Alba: el reto de una exposició

Designing training for teaching environmental toxicology to specialized pharmacists

ntroduction: The Toxicology Unit at the University of Alcala (Spain) started to provide a novel short-term training course in environmental toxicology for pharmacists enrolled in the postgraduate specialty "Specialist in Industrial Pharmacy and Galenicals" in 2013-2014. This specialty is only available to state-board certified pharmacists considering enrolling in a specialized health training program. Objective: The objective was to create a short, dynamic, and interactive highly specialized training workshop to introduce future professionals to the subject of environmental toxicology and public health. The success of this novel short training course and the interest of the students in environmental toxicology were also analyzed. Methods: A specialized training workshop in environmental toxicology was developed for pharmacists who often have a limited knowledge of environmental health. The training workshop consisted of both theoretical and practical sessions. The practical exercise was highly dynamic and involved identifying potential human risks from pharmaceuticals and care products in water environments as well as the development of a protection and remediation strategy. Results: Following successful training pharmacists demonstrated good understanding of the source-pathway-receptor model and were capable of tailoring strategies to protect human health and future generations. Conclusions: The novel short training course was successful in developing postgraduate students' knowledge of environmental toxicology by providing a practical introduction to environmental health. The methods described here may be used for designing longer training events or courses of environmental toxicology for pharmacists who wish to work in the industry