Utilización de la capacidad: un indicador incompleto y clave en países en vías de desarrollo

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Economía. Curso académico 2014-2015El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado trata de aportar una visión general sobre el indicador económico de utilización de la capacidad productiva (UCP) en el contexto de países en vías de desarrollo. Este trabajo se estructura en seis apartados. En el primero, se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema. En el segundo, se estudia la problemática asociada a la medición del indicador a través de un análisis bibliográfico. En el tercero, se profundiza en los aspectos teóricos de definición y medición. En el cuarto, se resume la relación entre la tasa de inflación y la UCP. En el quinto, se estudian las diferencias entre países desarrollados y países en vías de desarrollo con respecto al objeto de estudio. Finalmente, en el sexto, se analiza la relación entre política macroeconómica y la UCP a través del estudio de varios casos concretos en distintos países en vías de desarrollo. Por último, la conclusión subraya de nuevo los puntos clave derivados de los seis apartados anteriores

Climate-smart coffee in Uganda

The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs). While the concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks. Mainstreaming Climate Smart Coffee (CSC) requires critical stocktaking of the sector fundamentals, already evident and projected climatic developments relevant to coffee production and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSC adoption. This CSC profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSC at scale

Climate Smart Cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire Towards climate resilient production at scale

Climate Smart Cocoa (CSC) furthers the objectives of Climate Smart Agriculture in cocoa production. These objectives are: increasing productivity and improving farmers livelihoods, adaptation to climate change, and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Current cocoa production practices in Côte d’Ivoire still have a long way to improve toward greater resilience and achieving CSA goals. Cocoa farms in Côte d’Ivoire are vulnerable to an array of climate-related risks: the Harmattan wind, droughts, storms, flooding. Climate change is projected to increase the occurrence of such extreme events, as well as induce more gradual changes to cocoa farming suitability via higher average temperatures and more erratic rainfall. Whether sudden or gradual, production needs to be resilient to these changes

Climate Smart Cocoa in Ghana Towards climate resilient production at scale

Climate Smart Cocoa (CSC) is not only about avoiding future losses but also about mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving the livelihoods of farmers by increasing the productivity and resilience of their farms. The current state of cocoa production in Ghana has significant leeway to become more forward-looking and productive. Cocoa farms in Ghana are vulnerable to an array of climate-related risks: the Harmattan wind, droughts, storms, flooding. Climate change is projected to increase the occurrence of such extreme events, as well as induce more gradual changes to cocoa farming suitability via higher average temperatures and more erratic rainfall. Whether sudden or gradual, production needs to be resilient to these changes

Café sostenible adaptado al clima en Guatemala

Guatemala es el segundo mayor productor de café en América Central, después de Honduras. El sector cafetalero es un motor de la economía rural, aportando ingresos para más de 122.000 agricultores, el 98 % de los cuales son pequeños productores. La producción cafetalera de Guatemala genera medio millón de empleos en la economía rural, casi el 10 % de la fuerza laboral activa en el ámbito nacional. Cada año se producen aproximadamente 3,3 millones de sacos de granos de café de 60 kg. El café arábica cultivado bajo sombra para mercados internacionales constituye la norma en los campos de los caficultores. La demanda de los consumidores ha impulsado el crecimiento de las exportaciones de grano Estrictamente Duro, la máxima calidad del café producido en Guatemala, que representa aproximadamente el 83 % de las exportaciones. Las exportaciones de café integran el 14 % del valor total de las exportaciones o 651 millones de dólares estadounidenses. Este es el segundo producto agrícola más importante, después de la caña de azúcar, en términos de generación de divisas. Se proyecta que las zonas cafetaleras actuales experimenten un aumento gradual de la temperatura hacia rangos más extremos, así como periodos de sequía y lluvias torrenciales. Se proyecta que la temperatura anual se eleve de 1,7 a 2,0 °C y que la precipitación anual total disminuya 0,8 % en la costa sur y 0,6 % en la frontera entre las regiones norte y nororiente. Este perfil de CSAC proporciona una instantánea de una base de referencia en desarrollo creada para iniciar el debate, tanto dentro de los países como a nivel mundial, sobre los puntos de entrada para invertir en CSAC a gran escala

Café sostenible adaptado al clima en El Salvador

El café es básico en las exportaciones y producción agrícola de América Central, y El Salvador no es la excepción. Este constituye el segundo mayor producto de exportación en términos de valor, con ingresos anuales de US$113,4 millones en moneda extranjera. El sector cafetalero genera más de 40.000 empleos directos en el área rural de El Salvador. El país produce exclusivamente café arábica, en su mayoría cultivado a una altitud que oscila entre los 600 y 900 m s. n. m. (51 %). Estas características colocan al futuro del cultivo del café en El Salvador en una senda cada vez más estrecha y accidentada. A diferencia del café robusta, el café arábica es altamente vulnerable al cambio climático, especialmente a una altitud tan baja, como en la que se cultiva en El Salvador. Para agravar la situación, estudios muestran que Mesoamérica, y El Salvador en particular, es la región que se proyecta va a sufrir los impactos más severos del aumento de las temperaturas en la producción de café arábica a pesar de que los países en América Central son emisores relativamente pequeños de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Como parte del paisaje en esta región, las fincas cafetaleras de El Salvador se volverán cada vez más vulnerables a una serie de riesgos climáticos: El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), sequías, tormentas, vientos fuertes, lluvias intensas e inundaciones. La calidad y la productividad son especialmente vulnerables a cambios en la temperatura y la precipitación pluvial. Las zonas cafetaleras de El Salvador se han vuelto más secas y calurosas en las últimas tres décadas. Las temperaturas anuales han aumentado en todo el país alrededor de 0,8 °C y durante los meses más secos, la precipitación se ha reducido un tercio

Climate Smart Coffee in El Salvador

Coffee is a staple of Central American exports and agricultural production, not least in El Salvador. Coffee is the second-highest export in terms of value at around US$ 113.4 million in annual foreign currency earnings. The coffee sector directly generates over 40,000 jobs in rural El Salvador. El Salvador exclusively produces high-quality Arabica coffee, cultivated mostly at an altitude ranging between 600 to 900 masl (51%). These features set the future of coffee farming in El Salvador on an increasingly narrow and uneven path. In contrast to Robusta, the Arabica variety is highly vulnerable to climate change, especially at the low altitude at which it is mainly grown in El Salvador. To aggravate this situation, studies show that Mesoamerica, and El Salvador in particular, is the region projected to endure the most severe impacts of increasing temperatures on Arabica production. The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs). While the concept is new and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks. Mainstreaming Climate Smart Coffee (CSC) requires critical stocktaking of the sector fundamentals, already evident and projected climatic developments relevant to coffee production and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSC adoption. This CSC profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSC at scale

Climate Smart coffee in Guatemala

Guatemala is the second-largest coffee producer in Central America after Honduras. The coffee sector is a driver of the rural economy, providing incomes for over 122000 farmers, 98% of whom are smallholders. Guatemalan coffee production generates half a million jobs in the rural economy, nearly 10% of the national active labor force. Approximately 3.3 million 60kg bags of coffee beans are produced annually. Shade grown high-quality arabica coffee for international markets is the norm in the fields of the caficultores (coffee farmers). Consumer demand has driven the growth of exports of Strictly High Bean, the highest quality produced in Guatemala which accounts for approximately 83% of exports. The total value of exports makes up 14% of the total export value or 651m in USD. It is the second most important agricultural product after sugar in terms of foreign revenue earnings. Current coffee production areas are projected to experience a gradual increase in temperatures towards more extreme ranges as well as periods of drought and heavy rainfall. Annual temperatures are projected to increase by 1.7ºC-2.0ºC and total annual precipitation is projected to decrease between 0.8% in the southern coast and 6% in the border between the north and northeastern regions. The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs). While the concept is new and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks. Mainstreaming Climate Smart Coffee (CSC) requires critical stocktaking of the sector fundamentals, already evident and projected climatic developments relevant to coffee production and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSC adoption. This CSC profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSC at scale

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI