Anomalous material-dependent transport of focused, laser-driven proton beams.

Intense lasers can accelerate protons in sufficient numbers and energy that the resulting beam can heat materials to exotic warm (10 s of eV temperature) states. Here we show with experimental data that a laser-driven proton beam focused onto a target heated it in a localized spot with size strongly dependent upon material and as small as 35 μm radius. Simulations indicate that cold stopping power values cannot model the intense proton beam transport in solid targets well enough to match the large differences observed. In the experiment a 74 J, 670 fs laser drove a focusing proton beam that transported through different thicknesses of solid Mylar, Al, Cu or Au, eventually heating a rear, thin, Au witness layer. The XUV emission seen from the rear of the Au indicated a clear dependence of proton beam transport upon atomic number, Z, of the transport layer: a larger and brighter emission spot was measured after proton transport through the lower Z foils even with equal mass density for supposed equivalent proton stopping range. Beam transport dynamics pertaining to the observed heated spot were investigated numerically with a particle-in-cell (PIC) code. In simulations protons moving through an Al transport layer result in higher Au temperature responsible for higher Au radiant emittance compared to a Cu transport case. The inferred finding that proton stopping varies with temperature in different materials, considerably changing the beam heating profile, can guide applications seeking to controllably heat targets with intense proton beams

New ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs from the European lower cretaceous demonstrate extensive ichthyosaur survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary

Background Ichthyosauria is a diverse clade of marine amniotes that spanned most of the Mesozoic. Until recently, most authors interpreted the fossil record as showing that three major extinction events affected this group during its history: one during the latest Triassic, one at the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary (JCB), and one (resulting in total extinction) at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. The JCB was believed to eradicate most of the peculiar morphotypes found in the Late Jurassic, in favor of apparently less specialized forms in the Cretaceous. However, the record of ichthyosaurs from the Berriasian–Barremian interval is extremely limited, and the effects of the end-Jurassic extinction event on ichthyosaurs remains poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on new material from the Hauterivian of England and Germany and on abundant material from the Cambridge Greensand Formation, we name a new ophthalmosaurid, Acamptonectes densus gen. et sp. nov. This taxon shares numerous features with Ophthalmosaurus, a genus now restricted to the Callovian–Berriasian interval. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that Ophthalmosauridae diverged early in its history into two markedly distinct clades, Ophthalmosaurinae and Platypterygiinae, both of which cross the JCB and persist to the late Albian at least. To evaluate the effect of the JCB extinction event on ichthyosaurs, we calculated cladogenesis, extinction, and survival rates for each stage of the Oxfordian–Barremian interval, under different scenarios. The extinction rate during the JCB never surpasses the background extinction rate for the Oxfordian–Barremian interval and the JCB records one of the highest survival rates of the interval. Conclusions/Significance There is currently no evidence that ichthyosaurs were affected by the JCB extinction event, in contrast to many other marine groups. Ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs remained diverse from their rapid radiation in the Middle Jurassic to their total extinction at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous

Actividad biológica de los extractos metanólicos de Verbesina encelioides frente a aislamientos clínicos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina.

Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of capitula from Verbesina Encelioides, against Staphylococcus Aureus resistant to methicillin.Material and methods: Agar diffusion replacing paper disc for wells in solidified Mueller Hinton agar culture medium.Results: Inhibition zone at all concentrations of plant extract tested against strains isolated from patients was reported.Conclusion: As the dose increases the diameter of inhibition zones also enhances in most of the assays, suggesting an antimicrobial activity.Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad antimicrobiana de los extractos metanólicos de capítulos de Verbesina encelioides, frente a Staphylococcus Aureus resistentes a meticilina.Material y Método: difusión en agar, sustituyendo el disco de papel por pocillos en el medio de cultivo agar Mueller Hinton solidificado.Resultado: se presentó halo de inhibición en todas las concentraciones del extracto vegetal ensayadas frente a las cepas aisladas de pacientes.Conclusión: a medida que aumenta la dosis aumenta el diámetro de los halos de inhibición, en la mayoría de los casos, lo que sugeriría una actividad antimicrobiana dosis dependiente de Verbesina enceloides

Fake Indian Currency Detection App

To identify counterfeit currency and report on the findings. Using a mobile camera, the model accepts the photograph. The extracted features from the scanning image are compared to a series of models. When a match is found, the outcome is outputted, indicating whether the match was true or not. Image resizing, image filtering, sobel edge detection, and template matching are the four algorithms used in this article. Even though printing false currencies is unlawful, counterfeit currencies continue to circulate in areas where there are no forms of verifying the currency's validity. The aim of this project is to avoid illicit notes from being distributed further. The project's aim is to identify false or counterfeit currency. It is accomplished by taking a sequence of steps in the same order each time. To begin, a cell phone is used to capture a picture of the currency note (camera). Second, the captured image is resized to or scaled down to 500 x 300 pixels. After that, a bilateral filter is used to eliminate noise from the signal. The features that determine a currency note's validity are then detected using the sobel operator. Correlation regression is used to match the characteristics of the note to those of an authentic note. Finally, features are listed and shown for the genuine note

A Small Conductance Calcium-Activated K⁺ Channel in C. elegans, KCNL-2, Plays a Role in the Regulation of the Rate of Egg-Laying

In the nervous system of mice, small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels function to regulate neuronal excitability through the generation of a component of the medium afterhyperpolarization that follows action potentials. In humans, irregular action potential firing frequency underlies diseases such as ataxia, epilepsy, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Due to the complexity of studying protein function in the mammalian nervous system, we sought to characterize an SK channel homologue, KCNL-2, in C. elegans, a genetically tractable system in which the lineage of individual neurons was mapped from their early developmental stages. Sequence analysis of the KCNL-2 protein reveals that the six transmembrane domains, the potassium-selective pore and the calmodulin binding domain are highly conserved with the mammalian homologues. We used widefield and confocal fluorescent imaging to show that a fusion construct of KCNL-2 with GFP in transgenic lines is expressed in the nervous system of C. elegans. We also show that a KCNL-2 null strain, kcnl-2(tm1885), demonstrates a mild egg-laying defective phenotype, a phenotype that is rescued in a KCNL-2-dependent manner. Conversely, we show that transgenic lines that overexpress KCNL-2 demonstrate a hyperactive egg-laying phenotype. In this study, we show that the vulva of transgenic hermaphrodites is highly innervated by neuronal processes and by the VC4 and VC5 neurons that express GFP-tagged KCNL-2. We propose that KCNL-2 functions in the nervous system of C. elegans to regulate the rate of egg-laying. © 2013 Chotoo et al

Klebsiella pneumoniae is able to trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in cultured airway epithelial cells

The ability of some bacterial pathogens to activate Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition normally is a consequence of the persistence of a local chronic inflammatory response or depends on a direct interaction of the pathogens with the host epithelial cells. In this study we monitored the abilities of the K. pneumoniae to activate the expression of genes related to EMT-like processes and the occurrence of phenotypic changes in airway epithelial cells during the early steps of cell infection. We describe changes in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increased HIF-1α mRNA expression in cells exposed to K. pneumoniae infection. We also describe the upregulation of a set of transcription factors implicated in the EMT processes, such as Twist, Snail and ZEB, indicating that the morphological changes of epithelial cells already appreciable after few hours from the K. pneumoniae infection are tightly regulated by the activation of transcriptional pathways, driving epithelial cells to EMT. These effects appear to be effectively counteracted by resveratrol, an antioxidant that is able to exert a sustained scavenging of the intracellular ROS. This is the first report indicating that strains of K. pneumoniae may promote EMT-like programs through direct interaction with epithelial cells without the involvement of inflammatory cells

Evaluating predictive pharmacogenetic signatures of adverse events in colorectal cancer patients treated with fluoropyrimidines

The potential clinical utility of genetic markers associated with response to fluoropyrimidine treatment in colorectal cancer patients remains controversial despite extensive study. Our aim was to test the clinical validity of both novel and previously identified markers of adverse events in a broad clinical setting. We have conducted an observational pharmacogenetic study of early adverse events in a cohort study of 254 colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine. Sixteen variants of nine key folate (pharmacodynamic) and drug metabolising (pharmacokinetic) enzymes have been analysed as individual markers and/or signatures of markers. We found a significant association between TYMP S471L (rs11479) and early dose modifications and/or severe adverse events (adjusted OR = 2.02 [1.03; 4.00], p = 0.042, adjusted OR = 2.70 [1.23; 5.92], p = 0.01 respectively). There was also a significant association between these phenotypes and a signature of DPYD mutations (Adjusted OR = 3.96 [1.17; 13.33], p = 0.03, adjusted OR = 6.76 [1.99; 22.96], p = 0.002 respectively). We did not identify any significant associations between the individual candidate pharmacodynamic markers and toxicity. If a predictive test for early adverse events analysed the TYMP and DPYD variants as a signature, the sensitivity would be 45.5 %, with a positive predictive value of just 33.9 % and thus poor clinical validity. Most studies to date have been under-powered to consider multiple pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variants simultaneously but this and similar individualised data sets could be pooled in meta-analyses to resolve uncertainties about the potential clinical utility of these markers

Active site isolation in bismuth-poisoned Pd/SiO₂ catalysts for selective hydrogenation of furfural

Active site isolation in furfural (FA) hydrogenation was studied by poisoning a Pd catalyst with bismuth. A solution of FA in water was hydrogenated over a 5 wt% Pd/SiO₂ catalyst in a batch reactor at various reaction temperatures and pressures. Furfuryl alcohol (FAL) was an intermediate product which was further hydrogenated into tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (TFAL) or cyclopentanone (CPA) and cyclopentanol (CPOL). While application of hydrogen pressure above 30 bar had little effect on the hydrogenation kinetics, a reaction temperature affected product distribution and the main product changed from TFAL (at 50 °C) to FAL (100 and 150 °C). Poisoning the catalyst with Bi decreased the number of available active sites but had little effect on the turn-over frequencies, most likely because of the absence of electronic effects of Bi on Pd nanoparticles. The main reaction product over the Bi-poisoned catalyst was FAL with no FA oligomerisation products. At a reaction temperature of 150 °C, CPA was formed with a 57% yield. Considering that Bi preferentially poisons step sites of Pd, the comparison of the product distribution between the Pd and Pd-Bi catalyst as well as the literature data for the alloy Pd-Cu catalysts indicates that the active site isolation observed in the Pd-Bi catalysts is responsible for the increasing FAL and CPA selectivities and elimination of oligomer by-products