Održiva intenzifikacija gajenja slatkovodnih riba u Mađarskoj

Termin “Održiva intenzifikacija” je relativno nov i koncept koji se razvija iz akvakulture koja je definisana kao oblik proizvodnje u kome se “prinos povećava bez nepovoljnog uticaja na životnu sredinu i bez dodatnog kultivisanja zemljišta”. Kako postoje ograničenja u konvencionalnoj intenzifikaciji slatkovodnog ribarstva, povećanje proizvodnje zahteva inovativne pristupei korišćenje novih sistema i tehnologija kao što su Kombinovana intenzivno ekstenzivna (CIE) proizvodnja ili različitih recirkulacionih sistema (RAS) uključujući i RAS na otvorenom na ribnjacima i protočni sistemi. “Jászkiséri Halas” Kft. u Mađarskoj izgrađen je i radi kao novi tip CIE sistema koji se naziva sistemom “ribnjak u ribnjaku”, iako je mali intenzivni system nije jezero već plutajući tank. Intenzivna komponenta “ribnjaka u ribnjaku” se sastoji od 4 uzgojna tanka (30 m3 svaki) koji su uklopljeni u plutajuću jedinicu ukupne zapremine 120 m3. Intenzivna jedinica je bila smeštena u jednom uglu od 20 ha ekstenzivnog ribnjaka u kome se praktikuje konvvencionalna polikultura, a ribnjak koristi nutrijente izintenzivne jedinice. Voda cirkuliše između intenzivne i ekstenzivne komponente sistema putem pumpi. U intenzivnoj jedinici proizvodi se hibridni prugasti grgeč u maksimalnoj gustini nasada od 40 kg/m3. Prinos u ekstenzivnom ribnjaku gde je takođe dodavana hrana dostigao je 1050 kg/ha. Još jedan tip CIE sistema nazvan “kavez u ribnjaku” koristi se u “Aranyponty Zrt.” Za intenzivnu proizvodnju Evropskog soma u intenzivnoj jedinici i ekstenzivnu proizvodnju šarana, belog tolstolobika, belog amura i veslonosa u konvencionalnom ribnjaku. Jedan kavez od 50 m3 postavljen je u ribnjak od 1 ha površine u kome se proizvodi 500 kg evropskog soma (1350 g). Organski otpad iz jednog kaveza donosi dovoljno nutrijenata za 1 ha površine ribnjaka gde su šaran i veslonos osnovne vrste. Nema dodavanja đubriva i dodatne hrane i ekstenzivnom delu gde je prinos bio 700 kg/ha. “Spoljašnji RAS na ribnjaku” nastao je u “Jászkiséri Halas” Kft. konvertovanjem jednog zimovnika (2000 m2) iza velikog (20 ha) ekstenzivnog ribnjaka u intenzivni bazen za proizvodnju šarana. Voda između malog intenzivnog i velikog ekstenzivnog jezera, koje je takođe služilo kao jedinica za prečišžavanje, cirkulisala je pomoću male pumpe sa propelerom. U malom jezeru se intenzivno proizvodi šaran (7000 fish/ha) uz dodavanje peleta. Finalna prosečna telesna masa bila je 1.5 kg i bruto prinos je bio 10,000 kg/ha. U ekstenzivnom jezeru prinos je bio oko 1 t/ha uz korišćenje dodatne hrane. ”Spoljašnji RAS na pastrmskoj farmi” sagrađen je i funkcioniše u “Hoitsy and Rieger Kft.” gde se proizvodi kalifornijska pastrmka, potočna i jezerska pastrmka u 18 betonskih bazena ukupne površine 3700 m2. Da bi se pastrmke proizvodile intenzivno u zaštićenoj životnoj sredini koja je i turističko područje, farma je izgtadila poseban sistem za tretman vode koji uključuje RAS na otvorenom (bubanj filteri i plutajući biofilter) i veštački izgrađena močvara (sa 7 različitih vodenih biljaka). Kao rezultat upotrebe novog sistema za tretman vode farma može da održava nivo proizvodnje bez ikakvog negativnog uticaja na vodu obližnjeg potoka i okolne ekosisteme

Modeling the heterogeneity in risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease across cognitive profiles in mild cognitive impairment

Heterogeneity in risk of conversion to Alzheimer's disease (AD) among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is well known. Novel statistical methods that are based on partially ordered set (poset) models can be used to create models that provide detailed and accurate information about performance with specific cognitive functions. This approach allows for the study of direct links between specific cognitive functions and risk of conversion to AD from MCI. It also allows for further delineation of multi-domain amnestic MCI, in relation to specific non-amnestic cognitive deficits, and the modeling of a range of episodic memory functioning levels. From the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study, conversion at 24 months of 268 MCI subjects was analyzed. It was found that 101 of those subjects (37.7%) converted to AD within that time frame. Poset models were then used to classify cognitive performance for MCI subjects. Respective observed conversion rates to AD were calculated for various cognitive subgroups, and by APOE e4 allele status. These rates were then compared across subgroups. The observed conversion rate for MCI subjects with a relatively lower functioning with a high level of episodic memory at baseline was 61.2%. In MCI subjects who additionally also had relatively lower perceptual motor speed functioning and at least one APOE e4 allele, the conversion rate was 84.2%. In contrast, the observed conversion rate was 9.8% for MCI subjects with a relatively higher episodic memory functioning level and no APOE e4 allele. Relatively lower functioning with cognitive flexibility and perceptual motor speed by itself also appears to be associated with higher conversion rates. Among MCI subjects, specific baseline cognitive profiles that were derived through poset modeling methods, are clearly associated with differential rates of conversion to AD. More precise delineation of MCI by such cognitive functioning profiles, including notions such as multidomain amnestic MCI, can help in gaining further insight into how heterogeneity arises in outcomes. Poset-based modeling methods may be useful for providing more precise classification of cognitive subgroups among MCI for imaging and genetics studies, and for developing more efficient and focused cognitive test batteries

The Epigenetic State of IL-4-Polarized Macrophages Enables Inflammatory Cistromic Expansion and Extended Synergistic Response to TLR Ligands

Prior exposure to microenvironmental signals could fundamentally change the response of macrophages to subsequent stimuli. It is believed that T helper-2 (Th2)-cell-type cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand-activated transcriptional programs mutually antagonize each other, and no remarkable convergence has been identified between them. In contrast, here, we show that IL-4-polarized macrophages established a hyperinflammatory gene expression program upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. This phenomenon, which we termed extended synergy, was supported by IL-4-directed epigenomic remodeling, LPS-activated NF-κB-p65 cistrome expansion, and increased enhancer activity. The EGR2 transcription factor contributed to the extended synergy in a macrophage-subtype-specific manner. Consequently, the previously alternatively polarized macrophages produced increased amounts of immune-modulatory factors both in vitro and in vivo in a murine Th2 cell-type airway inflammation model upon LPS exposure. Our findings establish that IL-4-induced epigenetic reprogramming is responsible for the development of inflammatory hyperresponsiveness to TLR activation and contributes to lung pathologies

Averaging of time--periodic systems without a small parameter

29 pp.International audienceIn this article, we present a new approach to averaging in non-Hamiltonian systems with periodic forcing. The results here do not depend on the existence of a small parameter. In fact, we show that our averaging method fits into an appropriate nonlinear equivalence problem, and that this problem can be solved formally by using the Lie transform framework to linearize it. According to this approach, we derive formal coordinate transformations associated with both first-order and higher-order averaging, which result in more manageable formulae than the classical ones. Using these transformations, it is possible to correct the solution of an averaged system by recovering the oscillatory components of the original non-averaged system. In this framework, the inverse transformations are also defined explicitly by formal series; they allow the estimation of appropriate initial data for each higher-order averaged system, respecting the equivalence relation. Finally, we show how these methods can be used for identifying and computing periodic solutions for a very large class of nonlinear systems with time-periodic forcing. We test the validity of our approach by analyzing both the first-order and the second-order averaged system for a problem in atmospheric chemistry