Population Pressure and Migration: Implications for Upland Development in the Philippines

This paper is based largely on the integrated summary report entitled “Population Pressure and Migration: Implications for Upland Development,” PIDS Working Paper 86-02. It discusses the role of population pressure and migration in Philippine upland development. It employs three levels of analysis using combined macro and micro data: identification of upland sites using topographic maps and serial photographs, identification of major migration streams and analysis of upland migration from the perspective of micro, village-level information.population and family relation, uplands, migration

Population Pressure and Migration: Implications for Upland Development in the Philippines

This paper is based largely on the integrated summary report entitled “Population Pressure and Migration: Implications for Upland Development,” PIDS Working Paper 86-02. It discusses the role of population pressure and migration in Philippine upland development. It employs three levels of analysis using combined macro and micro data: identification of upland sites using topographic maps and serial photographs, identification of major migration streams and analysis of upland migration from the perspective of micro, village-level information.population and family relation, uplands, migration

Fertility perceptions and intentions of husbands and wives

Ed. versionDescribes the socio-economic and demographic factors related to fertility perceptions and intentions of married couples and analyzes current contraceptive use. Includes a bibliography

Original Research Article Maternal Cortisol Disproportionately Impacts Fetal Growth in Male Offspring: Evidence from the Philippines

Objectives: Lower birth weight (BW) reoccurs across generations, but the intermediate mechanisms remain poorly understood. One potential pathway involves cortisol, which may be elevated in women born small and in turn could lead to fetal growth restriction in offspring. To test this possibility, we evaluated whether BW predicts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in the nonpregnant state in a cohort of young Filipino women, and whether differences in HPA function predict offspring BW. Methods: Multiple regression relating maternal BW, adult salivary cortisol profiles and recalled offspring BW (N 5 488) among participants of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Results: Maternal BW related inversely to evening cortisol in adulthood (P < 0.04). Maternal BW and evening cortisol were both stronger predictors of male than of female BW (maternal BW: P < 0.0001 for males; P 5 0.07 for females; bedtime cortisol: P 5 0.003 for males; P 5 0.3 for females). Waking and 30-min postwaking cortisol did not predict offspring BW. Controlling for evening cortisol did not diminish the relationship between maternal and offspring BW in males or females. Conclusions: Being born small predicted higher evening cortisol in adulthood among these young mothers. Lower maternal BW and elevated evening cortisol independently predicted giving birth to lower BW offspring, with effects greatest and only significant among males. We speculate that sex differences in sensitivity to maternal stress hormones could help explain the stronger relationships between BW and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors reported among the males in this and other populations. Am

Positive antibody response to vaccination in adolescence predicts lower C-reactive protein concentration in young adulthood in the philippines

Inflammation has been associated with a wide range of chronic degenerative diseases, but the developmental factors contributing to the regulation of inflammation are poorly understood. This study investigates the within-individual association between antibody response to vaccination in adolescence and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in young adulthood

Coconut oil predicts a beneficial lipid profile in pre-menopausal women in the Philippines

Coconut oil is a common edible oil in many countries, and there is mixed evidence for its effects on lipid profiles and cardiovascular disease risk. Here we examine the association between coconut oil consumption and lipid profiles in a cohort of 1,839 Filipino women (age 35–69 years) participating in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, a community based study in Metropolitan Cebu City. Coconut oil intake was measured as individual coconut oil intake calculated using two 24-hour dietary recalls (9.54 ± 8.92 grams). Cholesterol profiles were measured in plasma samples collected after an overnight fast. Mean lipid values in this sample were total cholesterol (TC) (186.52 ± 38.86 mg/dL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (40.85 ± 10.30 mg/dL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (119.42 ± 33.21 mg/dL), triglycerides (130.75 ± 85.29 mg/dL) and the TC/HDL ratio (4.80 ± 1.41). Linear regression models were used to estimate the association between coconut oil intake and each plasma lipid outcome after adjusting for total energy intake, age, body mass index (BMI), number of pregnancies, education, menopausal status, household assets and urban residency. Dietary coconut oil intake was positively associated with HDL-c levels

Population Pressure, Migration and Markets: Implications for Upland Development

As the thrust of the study is upland development with greater sensitivity to the underlying causes of change, this examines in detail the extent of population pressure in Philippine upland communities with respect to the conditions affecting population growth, including the broader elements of demographic stress and the corresponding adaptive changes of upland communities. Specifically, it estimates the current population in the uplands using census data and determines the extent of migration to upland areas. It also analyzes the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of frontier migration and evaluates through case studies the dynamics of migration behavior and the effects of socioeconomic and environmental factors influencing population movements.migrant workers, population and family relation, migration

High prevalence of low HDL-c in the Philippines compared to the U.S.: population differences in associations with diet and BMI

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in the Philippines, although few studies here have examined the lipid profiles underlying disease risk. The isolated low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) phenotype has been implicated as a CVD risk factor, the prevalence of which exhibits significant variation across populations. To assess population variation in individual lipid components and their associations with diet and anthropometric characteristics, we compare lipid profiles in a population of adult Filipino women (n=1877) to U.S. women participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=477). We conducted multilinear regression models to assess the relationship between lipid components and BMI and dietary variables in the two populations. We measured the prevalence of lipid phenotypes, and logistic regression models determined the predictors of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype. HDL-c was lower in the Philippines (40.8±0.2 mg/dL) than in NHANES (60.7±0.7 mg/dL). The prevalence of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype was 28.8%, compared to 2.10% in NHANES. High prevalence among Filipinos was relatively invariant across all levels of BMI, but was strongly inversely related to BMI in NHANES and exhibited only at the BMI>25 kg/m2 threshold. Diet did not predict the low-HDL phenotype in Filipinos. Filipino women exhibit a high prevalence of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype, which is largely decoupled from anthropometric factors. The relationship of CVD to population variation in dyslipidemia and body composition needs further study, particularly in populations where the burden of cardiovascular and metabolic disease is rapidly increasing

High prevalence of low HDL-c in the Philippines compared to the US: population differences in associations with diet and BMI

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in the Philippines, although few studies here have examined the lipid profiles underlying disease risk. The isolated low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) phenotype has been implicated as a CVD risk factor, the prevalence of which exhibits significant variation across populations. To assess population variation in individual lipid components and their associations with diet and anthropometric characteristics, we compare lipid profiles in a population of adult Filipino women (n=1877) to US women participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n=477). We conducted multiple regression models to assess the relationship between lipid components, body mass index, and dietary variables in the two populations. We measured the prevalence of lipid phenotypes, and logistic regression models determined the predictors of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype. High density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in the Philippines (40.8±0.2 mg/dL) than in NHANES (60.7±0.7 mg/dL). The prevalence of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype was 28.8%, compared to 2.10% in NHANES. High prevalence among Filipinos was relatively invariant across all levels of BMI, but was strongly inversely related to BMI in NHANES and exhibited only at the BMI>25 kg/m2 threshold. Diet did not consistently predict the low-HDL phenotype in Filipinos. Filipino women exhibit a high prevalence of the isolated low HDL-c phenotype, which is largely decoupled from anthropometric factors. The relationship of CVD to population variation in dyslipidemia and body composition needs further study, particularly in populations where the burden of cardiovascular and metabolic disease is rapidly increasing

Genetic association with lipids in Filipinos: waist circumference modifies an APOA5 effect on triglyceride levels

Blood levels of lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs) are highly heritable and are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Approximately 100 lipid-associated loci have been identified in populations of European ancestry. We performed a genome-wide association study of lipid traits in 1,782 Filipino women from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, and tested for evidence of interactions with waist circumference. We conducted additional association and interaction analyses in 1,719 of their young adult offspring. Genome-wide significant associations (P < 5 × 10−8) were detected at APOE for low density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol, and at APOA5 for TGs. Suggestive associations (P < 10−6) were detected at GCKR for TGs, and at CETP and TOM1 for high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Our data also supported the existence of allelic heterogeneity at APOA5, CETP, LIPC, and APOE. The secondary signal (Gly185Cys) at APOA5 exhibited a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-by-waist circumference interaction affecting TGs (Pinteraction = 1.6 × 10−4), manifested by stronger SNP effects as waist circumference increased. These findings provide the first evidence that central obesity may accentuate the effect of the TG-increasing allele of the APOA5 signal, emphasizing that CVD risk could be reduced by central obesity control