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Why donât pesticide applicators protect themselves? Exploring the use of personal protective equipment among Colombian smallholders
The misuse of personal protective equipment (PPE)
during pesticide application was investigated among
smallholders in Colombia. The integrative agent-centered
(IAC) framework and a logistic regression
approach were adopted. The results suggest that the
descriptive social norm was significantly influencing
PPE use. The following were also important: (1) having
experienced pesticide-related health problems; (2)
age; (3) the share of pesticide application carried out;
and (4) the perception of PPE hindering work. Interestingly,
the influence of these factors differed for different
pieces of PPE. Since conformity to the social
norm is a source of rigidity in the system, behavioral
change may take the form of a discontinuous transition.
In conclusion, five suggestions for triggering a
transition towards more sustainable PPE use are formulated:
(1) diversifying targets/tools; (2) addressing
structural aspects; (3) sustaining interventions in the
long-term; (4) targeting farmersâ learning-by-experience;
and (5) targeting PPE use on a collective level
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Normative, systemic and procedural aspects: a review of indicatorâbased sustainability assessments in agriculture
Several methods for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems have been developed. These methods do not fully: (i) take into account the multiâfunctionality of agriculture; (ii) include multidimensionality; (iii) utilize and implement the assessment knowledge; and (iv) identify conflicting goals and tradeâoffs. This paper reviews seven recently developed multidisciplinary indicatorâbased assessment methods with respect to their contribution to these shortcomings. All approaches include (1) normative aspects such as goal setting, (2) systemic aspects such as a specification of scale of analysis, (3) a reproducible structure of the approach. The approaches can be categorized into three typologies. The topâdown farm assessments focus on field or farm assessment. They have a clear procedure for measuring the indicators and assessing the sustainability of the system, which allows for benchmarking across farms. The degree of participation is low, potentially affecting the implementation of the results negatively. The topâdown regional assessment assesses the onâfarm and the regional effects. They include some participation to increase acceptance of the results. However, they miss the analysis of potential tradeâoffs. The bottomâup, integrated participatory or transdisciplinary approaches focus on a regional scale. Stakeholders are included throughout the whole process assuring the acceptance of the results and increasing the probability of implementation of developed measures. As they include the interaction between the indicators in their system representation, they allow for performing a tradeâoff analysis. The bottomâup, integrated participatory or transdisciplinary approaches seem to better overcome the four shortcomings mentioned above
Reducibility for a class of weakly dispersive linear operators arising from the Degasperis Procesi equation
We prove reducibility of a class of quasi-periodically forced linear
equations of the form where , is a small, function, is a
pseudo differential operator of order , provided that
satisfies appropriate non-resonance conditions.
Such PDEs arise by linearizing the Degasperis-Procesi (DP) equation at a small
amplitude quasi-periodic function. Our work provides a first fundamental step
in developing a KAM theory for perturbations of the DP equation on the circle.
Following \cite{Airy}, our approach is based on two main points: first a
reduction in orders based on an Egorov type theorem then a KAM diagonalization
scheme. In both steps the key difficulites arise from the asymptotically linear
dispersion law. In view of the application to the nonlinear context we prove
sharp \emph{tame} bounds on the diagonalizing change of variables.
We remark that the strategy and the techniques proposed are applicable for
proving reducibility of more general classes of linear pseudo differential
first order operators
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