How Does Child Maltreatment Impact Social Emotional Development in Children Under Five?

Research examined in this paper found that children under the age of five years old who are victims of child maltreatment, can display hindered development in social emotional behavioral domains. Being that the brain develops so rapidly and is fragile during this age, there is a plethora of developmental, mental struggles, personal struggles, and complications that children can face during the remaining years of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood as a result (Campbell, Walker, & Egede, 2016; Kahr Nilsson, Landorph, Houmann, Olsen & Skovgaard, 2019; & McKelvey, Edge, Mesman, Whiteside-Mansell & Bradley, 2018). Effects can range from short term to long term and include attachment struggles, taking initiative, self-help skills, sexual exploitation, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, suicide, and lack of socialization ability (Fusco and Cahalane, 2013; Srivastav, Strompolis, Moseley, & Daniels, 2019). Much of the research obtained on child maltreatment is based on parent and caregiver reports, interviews, and questionnaires, due to the fact that many children between the ages of birth to five are nonverbal or just beginning to develop vocabulary. When trauma is recognized, specific methods can be implemented to help children cope and begin to heal from past or current maltreatment. When children are placed in a safe, secure environment with loving, strong relationships, the negative impacts of maltreatment begin to be replaced with positive progress in social emotional abilities and result in better adult life outcomes (Bath, 2012; Srivastav, et al., 2019). In additional healing from child maltreatment, research conducted by Golding (2015) explained the benefits and successes for children through preventative care and early detection

Adapting Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy (RO-DBT) for Adolescents: Preliminary Testing of Mechanisms of Change

Background: Overcontrol is a phenotype characterized by inflexibility, perfectionism, and a need for control or structure, which increases risk for disorders such as anorexia nervosa, social anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Given high comorbidity and limited efficacy of current treatments for these disorders, Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy for adolescents (RO DBT-A) attempts to improve outcomes by targeting overcontrol as a transdiagnostic mechanism. This study aimed to test preliminary efficacy of telehealth-delivered RO DBT-A in targeting overcontrol as a mechanism of psychopathology in a heterogeneous clinical sample. Method: Participants were female adolescents (ages 13-21; 83% white; 80% non-Hispanic/Latino) who presented with elevated overcontrol. RO DBT-A was provided as the sole psychological treatment for those who wanted it (n = 13) over 16 weeks via skills group and individual sessions. Therapy was delivered via online platform due to the study being during the 2020 COVID pandemic. Non-treatment seeking participants served as controls (n = 7). Outcomes measured at baseline and post-treatment included psychiatric symptoms and overcontrol self-report, and neural responses to reward (wins/losses) and errors via electroencephalogram (EEG). Results: There were significant improvements in depression (t(10.3) = -1.78, p = 0.01) and quality of life (W = 75, p = 0.02) in the RO DBT group compared to the control group. Testing change within the RO DBT group from baseline to post treatment demonstrated significant improvements in overcontrol (t(12) = 2.76, p = 0.04), anxiety (t(12) = 2.91, p = 0.04), depression (V = 82.5, p = 0.04) and quality of life (t(12) = -3.01, p = 0.04), even after FDR correction. No change in EEG based neural markers was found, although the study was underpowered to detect neural changes. Discussion: This study provides preliminary evidence for efficacy of telehealth-delivered RO DBT-A in targeting behavioral overcontrol, decreasing symptomology, and importantly, improving quality of life, in a heterogenous clinical sample of teens. Future studies should employ randomized design and examine neural markers in larger sample sizes

Subjective versus Objective Measures of Tic Severity in Tourette Syndrome – The Influence of Environment

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of environmental challenges on tic expression by subjective and objective measures. The study group consisted of 41 children aged 6–18 years (M=10.15, SD=2.73) with a primary diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Subjective measures included the Functional Assessment Interview developed for this study and three standard validated instruments. The objective measure was a video-recording of the patients in five daily-life situations: watching television, doing homework, being alone, receiving attention when ticcing, and talking to a stranger. In addition, the effect of premonitory urges on assessment of tic expression was evaluated. The associations between the subjective and objective measures of tic expression were moderate to low. A significantly higher number of tics were observed in the television situation, and a significantly lower number in the alone situation, compared to the other situations. Higher levels of premonitory urge were associated with greater awareness of objectively measured tic expression. In conclusion, tic expression is significantly influenced by the environment. Subjective measures of tic expression may be misleading. These results have implications for refining the clinical assessment of tics, improving research methodology, and developing new therapeutic strategies

Einfluss verschiedener Spüllösungen auf den Haftverbund des Sealers Apexit Plus zum Wurzelkanaldentin

Der Misserfolg einer Wurzelkanalbehandlung hat viele Ursachen, die nicht immer eindeutig sind. Dem Behandler stehen zahlreiche Herangehensweisen und Medikamente zur Verfügung, um eine endodontische Behandlung durchzuführen. Sie umfasst das mechanische Aufbereiten des Kanals, das Spülen mit geeigneter Flüssigkeit sowie einen bakterien- und flüssigkeitsdichten Verschluss. Zum einen sollte dieses Material eine Haftkraft zum umgebenden Wurzeldentin ausbilden, zum anderen sollte zum gewählten Kernmaterial ebenfalls eine Adhäsion entstehen [101]. In dieser In-vitro-Studie sollte der Einfluss verschiedener Spüllösungen auf den Haftverbund zwischen Wurzelkanaldentin und dem calciumsalicylatbasierten Sealers Apexit Plus untersucht werden. In dieser Studie wurden 60 extrahierte, kariesfreie und unbehandelte Zahnwurzeln auf fünf Gruppen randomisiert verteilt (n=12). Sie wurden dekapitiert und mit dem maschinellen Feilensystem BioRaCe bei einer Arbeitslänge von 8 mm bis .02#60 aufbereitet. Die zuvor gebildeten Gruppen wurden einer Spüllösung zugeteilt: A = Chlorhexidindiglukonat (CHX) 2%, B = Ethylendiamintetraacetat (EDTA) 16%, C = Natriumhypochlorit (NaOCl) 3%, D = Zitronensäure 40%, E = Aqua dest. Nachdem die Proben mit ihrer zugeordneten Flüssigkeit gespült wurden, erfolgte die sorgfältige Trocknung mit Papierspitzen und anschließendem Einbringen des vorbereiteten Stahlspreaders mit dem zu untersuchenden Sealer. Die Wurzeln lagerten 14 Tage unter feuchten Bedingungen. Anschließend fanden die Pullout-Tests in einer Universalprüfmaschine statt. Es wurde die maximale Kraft bis zum adhäsiven Versagen bei einer Prüfgeschwindigkeit von 2 mm/min ermittelt. Zusätzlich erfolgte eine Auswertung der Frakturmodi an den experimentellen Spreadern. Apexit Plus zeigte in Kombination mit CHX (0,73 MPa) und NaOCl (0,62 MPa) die höchsten Haftwerte. Nach einer Spülung mit EDTA zeigten sich insgesamt die geringsten Haftwerte (0,21 MPa). Es ergab sich ein signifikanter Einfluss der Spülungen auf die Haftwerte (Kruskal-Wallis Test p= 0,034). Unter den Bedingungen dieser Studie profitierte der Sealer Apexit Plus nicht von der Schmierschichtentfernung durch EDTA. Die Spülung führte zu geringen Haftwerten. Der calciumsalicylatbasierte Sealer verhielt sich somit gegensätzlich zu den meisten anderen Wurzelkanalsealern, die in der Regel zu besseren Haftwerten nach Schmierschichtentfernung gelangen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Studie mit Apexit Plus ist eine alleinige Spülung mit EDTA nicht empfehlenswert. Ob Apexit Plus eine Verbesserung der Haftkraft durch eine zusätzliche Spülung mit CHX erlangen kann, war nicht Ziel dieser Arbeit und ist anderweitig zu erforschen

Evaluation of HOAPS-3 ocean surface freshwater flux components

Today, latent heat flux and precipitation over the global ocean surface can be determined from microwave satellite data as a basis for estimating the related fields of the ocean surface freshwater flux. The Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data (HOAPS) is the only generally available satellite-based dataset with consistently derived global fields of both evaporation and precipitation and hence of freshwater flux for the period 1987–2005. This paper presents a comparison of the evaporation E, precipitation P, and the resulting freshwater flux E − P in HOAPS with recently available reference datasets from reanalysis and other satellite observation projects as well as in situ ship measurements. In addition, the humidity and wind speed input parameters for the evaporation are examined to identify sources for differences between the datasets. Results show that the general climatological patterns are reproduced by all datasets. Global mean time series often agree within about 10% of the individual products, while locally larger deviations may be found for all parameters. HOAPS often agrees better with the other satellite-derived datasets than with the in situ or the reanalysis data. The agreement usually improves in regions of good in situ sampling statistics. The biggest deviations of the evaporation parameter result from differences in the near-surface humidity estimates. The precipitation datasets exhibit large differences in highly variable regimes with the largest absolute differences in the ITCZ and the largest relative biases in the extratropical storm-track regions. The resulting freshwater flux estimates exhibit distinct differences in terms of global averages as well as regional biases. In comparison with long-term mean global river runoff data, the ocean surface freshwater balance is not closed by any of the compared fields. The datasets exhibit a positive bias in E − P of 0.2–0.5 mm day−1, which is on the order of 10% of the evaporation and precipitation estimates

Decomposition of Random Errors Inherent to HOAPS-3.2 Near-Surface Humidity Estimates Using Multiple Triple Collocation Analysis

Latent heat fluxes (LHF) play an essential role in the global energy budget and are thus important for understanding the climate system. Satellite-based remote sensing permits a large-scale determination of LHF, which, amongst others, are based on near-surface specific humidity qa. However, the qa random retrieval error (Etot) remains unknown. Here, a novel approach is presented to quantify the error contributions to pixel-level qa of the Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite (HOAPS, version 3.2) dataset. The methodology makes use of multiple triple collocation (MTC) analysis between 1995-2008 over the global ice-free oceans. Apart from satellite records, these datasets include selected ship records extracted from the Seewetteramt Hamburg (SWA) archive and the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), serving as the in-situ ground reference. The MTC approach permits the derivation of Etot as the sum of model uncertainty EM and sensor noise EN, while random uncertainties due to in-situ measurement errors (Eins) and collocation (EC) are isolated concurrently. Results show an Etot average of 1.1 ± 0.3 g kg-1, whereas the mean EC (Eins) is in the order of 0.5 ± 0.1 g kg-1 (0.5 ± 0.3 g kg-1). Regional analyses indicate a maximum of Etot exceeding 1.5 g kg-1 within humidity regimes of 12-17 g kg-1, associated with the single-parameter, multilinear qa retrieval applied in HOAPS. Multi-dimensional bias analysis reveals that global maxima are located off the Arabian Peninsula

Intercomparison of freshwater fluxes over ocean and investigations into water budget closure

The development of algorithms for the retrieval of water cycle components from satellite data – such as total column water vapor content (TCWV), precipitation (P), latent heat flux, and evaporation (E) – has seen much progress in the past 3 decades. In the present study, we compare six recent satellite-based retrieval algorithms and ERA5 (the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' fifth reanalysis) freshwater flux (E−P) data regarding global and regional, seasonal and interannual variation to assess the degree of correspondence among them. The compared data sets are recent, freely available, and documented climate data records (CDRs), developed with a focus on stability and homogeneity of the time series, as opposed to instantaneous accuracy. One main finding of our study is the agreement of global ocean means of all E−P data sets within the uncertainty ranges of satellite-based data. Regionally, however, significant differences are found among the satellite data and with ERA5. Regression analyses of regional monthly means of E, P, and E−P against the statistical median of the satellite data ensemble (SEM) show that, despite substantial differences in global E patterns, deviations among E−P data are dominated by differences in P throughout the globe. E−P differences among data sets are spatially inhomogeneous. We observe that for ERA5 long-term global E−P is very close to 0 mm d−1 and that there is good agreement between land and ocean mean E−P, vertically integrated moisture flux divergence (VIMD), and global TCWV tendency. The fact that E and P are balanced globally provides an opportunity to investigate the consistency between E and P data sets. Over ocean, P (nearly) balances with E if the net transport of water vapor from ocean to land (approximated by over-ocean VIMD, i.e., ∇⋅(vq)ocean) is taken into account. On a monthly timescale, linear regression of Eocean−∇⋅(vq)ocean with Pocean yields R2=0.86 for ERA5, but smaller R2 values are found for satellite data sets. Global yearly climatological totals of water cycle components (E, P, E−P, and net transport from ocean to land and vice versa) calculated from the data sets used in this study are in agreement with previous studies, with ERA5 E and P occupying the upper part of the range. Over ocean, both the spread among satellite-based E and the difference between two satellite-based P data sets are greater than E−P, and these remain the largest sources of uncertainty within the observed global water budget. We conclude that, for a better understanding of the global water budget, the quality of E and P data sets needs to be improved, and the uncertainties more rigorously quantified

HOAPS precipitation validation with ship-borne rain gauge measurements over the Baltic Sea

Global ocean precipitation is an important part of the water cycle in the climate system. A number of efforts have been undertaken to acquire reliable estimates of precipitation over the oceans based on remote sensing and reanalysis modelling. However, validation of these data is still a challenging task, mainly due to a lack of suitable in situ measurements of precipitation over the oceans. In this study, validation of the satellite-based Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and fluxes from Satellite data (HOAPS) climatology was conducted with in situ measurements by ship rain gauges over the Baltic Sea from 1995 to 1997. The ship rain gauge data are point-to-area collocated against the HOAPS data. By choosing suitable collocation parameters, a detection rate of up to about 70% is achieved. Investigation of the influence of the synoptic situation on the detectability shows that HOAPS performs better for stratiform than for convective precipitation. The number of collocated data is not sufficient to validate precipitation rates. Thus, precipitation rates were analysed by applying an interpolation scheme based on the Kriging method to both data sets. It was found that HOAPS underestimates precipitation by about 10%, taking into account that precipitation rates below 0.3 mm h−1 cannot be detected from satellite information

A comparison of SSM/I-derived global marine surface specific humidity datasets

Satellite-based microwave sensors have, since the 1980s, provided a means to retrieve near-surface marine specific humidity (qa), accurate estimation of which is necessary for climate and air–sea interaction applications. Seven satellite measurement-derived monthly mean humidity datasets are compared with one another and with a dataset constructed from in situ measurements. The means, spatial and temporal structures of the datasets are shown to be markedly different, with a range of yearly, global mean qa of ?1?g?kg–1. Comparison of the datasets derived using the same satellite measurements of brightness temperature reveals differences in qa that depend on the source of satellite data; the processing and quality control applied to the data; and the algorithm used to derive qa from the satellite measurements of brightness temperature. Regional differences between satellite-derived qa due to the choice of input data, quality control and retrieval algorithm can all exceed the accuracy requirements for surface flux calculation of ?0.3?g?kg–1 and in some cases can be several g kg–1 in monthly means for some periods and regions