The association of European microstates with the EU: integration test with model value

The European microstates Andorra, Monaco, and San Marino have only been partially integrated into the European single market. Consequently, there are several regulatory gaps in areas such as financial markets, the free movement of workers, as well as within the Schengen Agreement. Moreover, the smooth adaptation of Community acquis is being hampered. In December 2013, the European Council called for the negotiation of a framework Association Agreement with the three countries. For Brussels, the rapprochement of these countries might also serve as a test run for dealing with other European countries whose full membership is rejected either by the EU or by the state concerned. (author's abstract

Die Assoziierung der europäischen Mikrostaaten: Integrationstest mit Modellcharakter

Die Mikrostaaten Andorra, Monaco und San Marino sind bislang nur sektoriell in den EU-Binnenmarkt eingebunden. Die Folge sind Regulierungslücken im Finanzmarktbereich, bei der Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit oder im Schengenraum. Außerdem wird ein reibungsloser Nachvollzug des Gemeinsamen Besitzstandes erschwert. Im Dezember 2013 sprach sich der Europäische Rat für die Aushandlung von Rahmenassoziierungsabkommen mit den drei Ländern aus. Die Heranführung dieser Staaten könnte Brüssel auch als Testlauf für den Umgang mit jenen europäischen Staaten dienen, deren Vollmitgliedschaft entweder von der EU oder vom betroffenen Staat abgelehnt wird. (Autorenreferat

Dynamic correlation functions and Boltzmann Langevin approach for driven one dimensional lattice gas

We study the dynamics of the totally asymmetric exclusion process with open boundaries by phenomenological theories complemented by extensive Monte-Carlo simulations. Upon combining domain wall theory with a kinetic approach known as Boltzmann-Langevin theory we are able to give a complete qualitative picture of the dynamics in the low and high density regime and at the corresponding phase boundary. At the coexistence line between high and low density phases we observe a time scale separation between local density fluctuations and collective domain wall motion, which are well accounted for by the Boltzmann-Langevin and domain wall theory, respectively. We present Monte-Carlo data for the correlation functions and power spectra in the full parameter range of the model.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure

A Computational Cantor-Bernstein and Myhill's Isomorphism Theorem in Constructive Type Theory: Proof Pearl

International audienceThe Cantor-Bernstein theorem (CB) from set theory, stating that two sets which can be injectively embedded into each other are in bijection, is inherently classical in its full generality, i.e. implies the law of excluded middle, a result due to Pradic and Brown. Recently, Escardó has provided a proof of CB in univalent type theory, assuming the law of excluded middle. It is a natural question to ask which restrictions of CB can be proved without axiomatic assumptions. We give a partial answer to this question contributing an assumptionfree proof of CB restricted to enumerable discrete types, i.e. types which can be computationally treated. In fact, we construct several bijections from injections: The first is by translating a proof of the Myhill isomorphism theorem from computability theory-stating that 1-equivalent predicates are recursively isomorphic-to constructive type theory, where the bijection is constructed in stages and an algorithm with an intricate termination argument is used to extend the bijection in every step. The second is also constructed in stages, but with a simpler extension algorithm sufficient for CB. The third is constructed directly in such a way that it only relies on the given enumerations of the types, not on the given injections. We aim at keeping the explanations simple, accessible, and concise in the style of a "proof pearl". All proofs are machinechecked in Coq but should transport to other foundationsthey do not rely on impredicativity, on choice principles, or on large eliminations

A Constructive and Synthetic Theory of Reducibility: Myhill's Isomorphism Theorem and Post's Problem for Many-one and Truth-table Reducibility in Coq (Full Version)

We present a constructive analysis and machine-checked synthetic approach to the theory of one-one, many-one, and truth-table reductions carried out in the Calculus of Inductive Constructions, the type theory underlying the proof assistant Coq. In synthetic computability, one assumes axioms allowing to carry out computability theory with all definitions and proofs purely in terms of functions of the type theory with no mention of a model of computation. Our synthetic proof of Myhill's isomorphism theorem that one-one equivalence yields a computational isomorphism makes a compelling case for synthetic computability due to its simplicity without sacrificing formality. Synthetic computability also clears the lense for constructivisation. We do not assume classical axioms, not even Markov's principle, possible by a careful constructivised definition of simple and hypersimple predicates, still yielding the expected strong results: a simple predicate exists, is enumerable, undecidable, but many-one incomplete (Post's problem for many-one reducibility), and a hypersimple predicate exists, is enumerable, undecidable, but truth-table incomplete (Post's problem for truth-table reducibility)

Einfluss von Fruchtfolgen zur Biomasseproduktion und Gärreste-Düngung auf Bodenstruktur und mikrobielle Aktivität

In a field experiment with five different main crop rotations and fives subtypes for organic biogas systems, aggregate stability, organic carbon, total nitrogen and catalase were evaluated in the topsoil layer in spring 2010, 2011 and 2013 in a winter wheat stand. Aggregate stability was enhanced by variation of crop rotation but not on manuring with biogas slurry. Rotations with a higher percentage of legumes led to a higher aggregate stability. On the other hand catalase activity was improved by biogas slurry