Impacto das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde em um serviço de neonatologia de referência do Distrito Federal

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, 2017.Introdução: A sepse é uma das principais causas de óbito evitáveis no período neonatal. As infecções podem ser compreendidas como relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS), seja as do período neonatal precoce, relacionadas ao pré-natal e assistência durante o parto ou no período neonatal tardio, relacionadas à assistência no hospital. Objetivos: Estimar a incidência e descrever as principais características das IRAS nos períodos neonatais precoce e tardio em uma maternidade de referência no Distrito Federal. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com estudos originais obtidos dos bancos de dados do MEDLINE, LILACS e Scielo de Janeiro de 1995 a Dezembro de 2014. Os estudos foram avaliados a partir de um escore de qualidade criado pelos autores. A mediana e intervalos para a incidência acumulada e densidade de incidência de IRAS foram reportados e a meta-análise foi desenvolvida aplicando efeito de qualidade aos modelos. Para estudo da sepse neonatal precoce (SNP) e tardia (SNT) foi realizada uma vigilância prospectiva das IRAS em uma maternidade de referência regional. Todos os recém-nascidos (RN) que preenchiam os critérios da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária foram acompanhados do dia de admissão até a alta ou até o nonagésimo dia de internação. Para estudo da SNP foi realizado um estudo descritivo, comparando o período de janeiro a 2012 a dezembro de 2013 com o período de janeiro de 2014 a setembro de 2015, quando foi iniciada a pesquisa de colonização por estreptococo do grupo B (EGB) e a profilaxia com antibióticos durante o parto. A SNP foi definida como um resultado de hemocultura positiva obtida de RN com ≤ 72 horas de vida e tratamento com antibióticos por ≥ 5 dias. Para estudo da SNT foi realizado um estudo de coorte no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2016. Foi realizada uma análise de sobrevida, tendo como desfechos os tempos até o óbito ou até o primeiro episódio de infecção primária de corrente sanguínea (IPCS) tardia. Um modelo de Cox estendido e o calculo do hazard ratio (HR) foi aplicado comparando os RN de muito baixo peso (RNMBP) e os demais RN nascidos na maternidade. Resultados: Quatorze estudos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática, que representaram 22.922 pacientes e 277.838 pacientes-dia. A incidência combinada de IRAS global foi de 26,5% (IC 95% 17,9 a 36,2). A densidade de incidência de IRAS, de IPCS e de pneumonia associada à ventilação (PAV) combinada foi de 23,9 (IC 95% 15,4 a 37,0), 9,1 (IC 95% 1,5 a 56,1) e 8,2 (IC 95% 1,0 a 65,5) por 1.000 pacientes-dia ou dispositivos-dia, respectivamente. Um alto nível de heterogeneidade foi observado em todos os modelos (I2>99%; p99%, p<0.05). In the study about EOS, the incidence of EOS was 1.7 cases per 1,000 live births (LB) and the fatality rate was 44%. From 2014, 74 (24%) swabs were positive for GBS. After the implementation of GBS prevention guidelines, no case of GBS arose, and the incidence of EOS was reduced from 1.9 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.8) to 1.3 (95% CI 0.7 to 2.3) cases per 1,000 LB (p=0.32). In the study about LOS, from 2014 to 2016, 1560 NB were followed, 864 HAI occurred, of which 714 (83%) were LOS, and of these, 435 were episodes of BSI. The incidence of BSI was 22% and the incidence density of BSI was 18.6 per 1,000 central venous catheter-days. Of 318 episodes of BSI with positive culture, 209 (66%) were caused by coagulase negative staphylococcus. Mortality ranged from 22% in VLBW to 8% in other NB. The HR for time to death was 4.06 (95% CI 2.75 to 6.00, p<0.01) in the first 60 days of life and for the time until the first episode of BSI was 1.76 (95% CI 1.31 to 2.36, p<0.01) in the first 36 days of life, being more frequent among the VLBW infants in this period. But it reverses for the time until the first episode of BSI from the 37th day of life, being more frequent among the most heavily infants, a HR of 2.94 (95% CI 1.92 to 4.34, p <0.01) until the end of follow-up. Conclusions: The incidence of HAI in the country is high; measures for the prevention of HAI are fundamental for reducing infant mortality, taking into account the differences between NB according to birth weight

Early-onset neonatal sepsis and the implementation of group B streptococcus prophylaxis in a Brazilian maternity hospital : a descriptive study

Objectives: to describe early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) epidemiology in a public maternity hospital in Brasilia, Brazil. Methods: we defined EOS as a positive blood culture result obtained from infants aged ≤72 hours of life plus treatment with antibiotic therapy for ≥5 days. Incidence was calculated based on the number of cases and total live births (LB). This is a descriptive study comparing the period of 2012–2013 with the period of 2014–September 2015, before and after implementation of antibiotic prophylaxis during labor for group B streptococcus (GBS) prevention, respectively. Results: overall, 36 infants developed EOS among 21,219 LB (1.7 cases per 1000 LB) and 16 died (case fatality rate of 44%). From 2014, 305 vaginal-rectal swabs were collected from high-risk women and 74 (24%) turned out positive for GBS. After implementation of GBS prevention guidelines, no new cases of GBS were detected, and the EOS incidence was reduced from 1.9 (95% CI 1.3–2.8) to 1.3 (95% CI 0.7–2.3) cases per 1000 LB from 2012–2013 to 2014–September 2015 (p = 0.32). Conclusions: although the reduction of EOS incidence was not significant, GBS colonization among pregnant women was high, no cases of neonatal GBS have occurred after implementation of prevention guidelines

Perfil sociodemográfico e acadêmico dos estudantes de Turismo em duas universidades públicas no sul do Brasil

O turismo é uma área do conhecimento atrativa. Muitos jovens veem na profissão de turismólogo ou bacharel em turismo uma oportunidade de ampliar horizontes, conhecer novas culturas, outros idiomas, de emprego e de geração de renda. Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer o perfil sociodemográfico e acadêmico de alunos da graduação em Turismo no extremo sul do Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo descritivo, predominantemente quantitativo, por meio de dados primários junto aos estudantes do curso superior em turismo vinculados à Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) e à Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA - Campus Jaguarão). Elaborou-se um questionário estruturado contendo questões referentes ao gênero, idade, renda familiar, naturalidade, forma de ingresso na universidade, semestre que estão cursando, estágios, trabalho, reprovação em disciplinas, previsão de conclusão e motivos de escolha e possível desistência do curso. O perfil traçado na pesquisa revela, entre outros aspectos, que mulheres jovens são predominantes. Parte dos estudantes são oriundos de escola pública e nasceram na mesma cidade onde estudam atualmente. Predomina aqueles que ingressaram na universidade por ampla concorrência, seguidos por cotistas com renda familiar bruta per capita igual ou inferior a 1,5 salário mínimo e posteriormente o por estudantes do estrato que cursaram integralmente o ensino médio em escolas públicas. De modo geral veem no curso de Turismo novas possibilidades de conhecimento, mas não necessariamente de empregabilidade. Os achados da pesquisa inferem que o ingresso no curso superior parece ser mais atrativo do que vislumbrar o ingresso no curso realmente desejado

Cattle Fecal Decomposition on \u3cem\u3ePennisetum purpureum\u3c/em\u3e Schum. Pastures Managed under Different Post-Grazing Stubble Heights

Pasture management may affect cattle diet. Post-grazing stubble height is a pasture structural characteristic intrinsically linked to forage quantity and quality. Stubble height also indicates forage utilization rate, and as a result, affects nutrient pathway return (excreta or litter) and ultimately, nutrient cycling. Cattle excreta deposition affects soil chemical and physical characteristics (Carran and Theobald 2000). Slow release of nutrients from cattle dung, however, delays nutrient bioavailability for subsequent forage growth (Haynes and Williams 1993). This study evaluated how different post-grazing stubble heights on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) pastures may affect cattle dung decomposition and nutrient release

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Sentinel surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Brazil, 2000-2010

There are scanty data on the epidemiology of influenza and other respiratory viruses in South America and Brazil. The aim of this study was to summarize the data from the Brazilian surveillance system of influenza and other respiratory viruses and discuss the patterns of viral circulation. The system is based on detecting cases of influenza-like illness in sentinel sites and weekly collection of five nasopharyngeal secretions samples, which are processed in state public health laboratories for respiratory viruses by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Data from 2000 to 2010 were described over time, by region, gender, and age group, and an analysis of Spearman correlation was performed between monthly influenza detection and rainfall and temperature data in two state capitals with the highest number of positive samples, one from the northeast region (Maceió) and other from the southern region (Curitiba). There were 3,291,946 visits for influenza-like illness; of these, 37,120 had samples collected and 6421 tested positive: 1690 (26%) influenza A, 567 (9%) influenza B, 277 (4%) parainfluenza 1, 571 (9%) parainfluenza 2, 589 (9%) parainfluenza 3, 742 (12%) adenovirus, and 1985 (31%) respiratory syncytial virus. Overall, increased activity of respiratory syncytial virus was observed from March to June, preceding the peak of influenza activity, from May to August, but with regional differences. In Maceió, there was a weak correlation between temperature and influenza detection (ρ = 0.05), but a moderate positive correlation between rainfall and influenza detection (ρ = 0.36). In Curitiba, a high correlation was observed between the decrease in temperature and rainfall and the increase in influenza detection (ρ = -0.83 and -0.78 respectively). These data are important to guide public health control measures as the best time for influenza vaccination and use of antivirals