Language and thought are not the same thing: evidence from neuroimaging and neurological patients

Is thought possible without language? Individuals with global aphasia, who have almost no ability to understand or produce language, provide a powerful opportunity to find out. Surprisingly, despite their near-total loss of language, these individuals are nonetheless able to add and subtract, solve logic problems, think about another person's thoughts, appreciate music, and successfully navigate their environments. Further, neuroimaging studies show that healthy adults strongly engage the brain's language areas when they understand a sentence, but not when they perform other nonlinguistic tasks such as arithmetic, storing information in working memory, inhibiting prepotent responses, or listening to music. Together, these two complementary lines of evidence provide a clear answer: many aspects of thought engage distinct brain regions from, and do not depend on, language

The influence of the Council of Europe's policy on the development of legal regulation of the Russian transport system

In recent decades, not only public opinion but also the majority of State’s national legislation and international agreements aimed at modernizing transport systems of the members of the Council of Europe, with a view to improve the spatial organization. The most important factor in determining the particular attention of the Council of Europe to transport problems, is to enhance the safety and quality of transport services and finally to increase the importance of environmental criteria. This article discusses the issues of formation and development of the transport legislation of Russia on the basis of international and European standards.peer-reviewe

Dielectric response due to stochastic motion of pinned domain walls

We study the contribution of stochastic motion of a domain wall (DW) to the dielectric AC susceptibility for low frequencies. Using the concept of waiting time distributions, which is related to the energy landscape of the DW in a disordered medium, we derive the power-law behavior of the complex susceptibility observed recently in some ferroelectrics below Curie temperature.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, revtex

Analysis of the time reserve influence on the technological cell productivity

Time redundancy, widely used in technical systems, is one of the methods to improve the reliability and efficiency of technical systems. In this paper, the effect of instantly replenishing the time reserve on the productivity of a technical system is considered. Formulas of productivity of a technological cell in cases of random, constant and exponential time reserve are received, numerical results are given

Revitalizing the Retail Trade Sector in Rural Communities: Experiences of 13 North Dakota Towns

Community/Rural/Urban Development,

The Impact of Heterologous Regulatory Genes from Lipodepsipeptide Biosynthetic Gene Clusters on the Production of Teicoplanin and A40926

StrR-like pathway-specific transcriptional regulators (PSRs) function as activators in the biosynthesis of various antibiotics, including glycopeptides (GPAs), aminoglycosides, aminocoumarins, and ramoplanin-like lipodepsipeptides (LDPs). In particular, the roles of StrR-like PSRs have been previously investigated in the biosynthesis of streptomycin, novobiocin, GPAs like balhimycin, teicoplanin, and A40926, as well as LDP enduracidin. In the current study, we focused on StrR-like PSRs from the ramoplanin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in Actinoplanes ramoplaninifer ATCC 33076 (Ramo5) and the chersinamycin BGC in Micromonospora chersina DSM 44151 (Chers28). Through the analysis of the amino acid sequences of Ramo5 and Chers28, we discovered that these proteins are phylogenetically distant from other experimentally investigated StrR PSRs, although all StrR-like PSRs found in BGCs for different antibiotics share a conserved secondary structure. To investigate whether Ramo5 and Chers28, given their phylogenetic positions, might influence the biosynthesis of other antibiotic pathways governed by StrR-like PSRs, the corresponding genes (ramo5 and chers28) were heterologously expressed in Actinoplanes teichomyceticus NRRL B-16726 and Nonomuraea gerenzanensis ATCC 39727, which produce the clinically-relevant GPAs teicoplanin and A40926, respectively. Recombinant strains of NRRL B-16726 and ATCC 39727 expressing chers28 exhibited improved antibiotic production, although the expression of ramo5 did not yield the same effect. These results demonstrate that some StrR-like PSRs can "cross-talk" between distant biosynthetic pathways and might be utilized as tools for the activation of silent BGCs regulated by StrR-like PSRs

ON THE METHODOLOGY OF THE DESIGN OF TRANSPORT AND ECONOMIC BALANCE

The article contains a critical analysis of existing methods of forecasting of volumes of transport services on the basis of the analysis of the dynamics of volumes of commodity fl ows at the regional and Federal levels. The recommendations on use of diff erent methods of forecasting for the development of transport and economic balance are presented

Effect of the medium on the equilibrium between stereoisomeric six- and seven-membered cyclic chair-like acetals. Role of nonspecific and specific interactions

Principles for establishing the nature of solvation effects in stereoisomeric equilibria have been formulated. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, the equilibrium constants have been determined in 12 solvents for the endo and exo isomers of 1,9,10,11,12,12-hexachloro-4,6-dioxatricyclo[7.2.1.02,8]dodec-10-ene which is characterized by a high barrier to stereoisomeric transformations. The results of correlation analysis have shown that solvation of the conformers with dissimilar orientations of the hexachloronorbornene fragment with respect to the chair-like acetal moiety is determined by the polarity and proton-acceptor properties of the medium. Comparison with the data on solvent effect on the equilibrium between 2-isopropyl-5-methoxy1,3-dioxane epimers suggests that the formation of H-complexes is controlled by electronic and conformational factors