RAN Translation at \u3cem\u3eC9orf72\u3c/em\u3e-Associated Repeat Expansions is Selectively Enhanced by the Integrated Stress Response

Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation allows for unconventional initiation at disease-causing repeat expansions. As RAN translation contributes to pathogenesis in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, determining its mechanistic underpinnings may inform therapeutic development. Here we analyze RAN translation at G4C2 repeat expansions that cause C9orf72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9RAN) and at CGG repeats that cause fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. We find that C9RAN translation initiates through a cap- and eIF4A-dependent mechanism that utilizes a CUG start codon. C9RAN and CGG RAN are both selectively enhanced by integrated stress response (ISR) activation. ISR-enhanced RAN translation requires an eIF2α phosphorylation-dependent alteration in start codon fidelity. In parallel, both CGG and G4C2 repeats trigger phosphorylated-eIF2α-dependent stress granule formation and global translational suppression. These findings support a model whereby repeat expansions elicit cellular stress conditions that favor RAN translation of toxic proteins, creating a potential feed-forward loop that contributes to neurodegeneration

DDX3X and specific initiation factors modulate FMR1 repeat‐associated non‐AUG‐initiated translation

A CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5′ UTR of FMR1 causes the neurodegenerative disorder Fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). This repeat supports a non‐canonical mode of protein synthesis known as repeat‐associated, non‐AUG (RAN) translation. The mechanism underlying RAN translation at CGG repeats remains unclear. To identify modifiers of RAN translation and potential therapeutic targets, we performed a candidate‐based screen of eukaryotic initiation factors and RNA helicases in cell‐based assays and a Drosophila melanogaster model of FXTAS. We identified multiple modifiers of toxicity and RAN translation from an expanded CGG repeat in the context of the FMR1 5′UTR. These include the DEAD‐box RNA helicase belle/DDX3X, the helicase accessory factors EIF4B/4H, and the start codon selectivity factors EIF1 and EIF5. Disrupting belle/DDX3X selectively inhibited FMR1 RAN translation in Drosophila in vivo and cultured human cells, and mitigated repeat‐induced toxicity in Drosophila and primary rodent neurons. These findings implicate RNA secondary structure and start codon fidelity as critical elements mediating FMR1 RAN translation and identify potential targets for treating repeat‐associated neurodegeneration.SynopsisFragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome is caused by CGG repeat‐associated non‐AUG (RAN) translation that initiates within the 5′UTR of FMR1. A candidate‐based screen identified several initiation factors—DDX3X/Belle, eIF4B, eIF4H, eIF1, and eIF5—critical for FMR1 RAN translation.Knockdown of the RNA helicase DDX3X selectively suppresses FMR1 RAN translation in Drosophila melanogaster, cultured HeLa cells, and in vitro translation assays.DDX3X knockdown reduces CGG repeat‐associated toxicity in Drosophila and mammalian neurons.Eukaryotic initiation factors that modulate RNA‐RNA secondary structure (DDX3X, EIF4B, EIF4H) or start codon fidelity (EIF1, EIF5) impact FMR1 RAN translation.FXTAS is caused by CGG repeat‐associated non‐AUG (RAN) translation that initiates within the 5′UTR of FMR1. A candidate‐based screen identified several initiation factors—DDX3X/Belle, eIF4B, eIF4H, eIF1, and eIF5—critical for FMR1 RAN translation.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151325/1/embr201847498.reviewer_comments.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151325/2/embr201847498-sup-0001-Appendix.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151325/3/embr201847498_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151325/4/embr201847498.pd

International consensus statement on nomenclature and classification of the congenital bicuspid aortic valve and its aortopathy, for clinical, surgical, interventional and research purposes.

peer reviewedThis International Consensus Classification and Nomenclature for the congenital bicuspid aortic valve condition recognizes 3 types of bicuspid valves: 1. The fused type (right-left cusp fusion, right-non-coronary cusp fusion and left-non-coronary cusp fusion phenotypes); 2. The 2-sinus type (latero-lateral and antero-posterior phenotypes); and 3. The partial-fusion (forme fruste) type. The presence of raphe and the symmetry of the fused type phenotypes are critical aspects to describe. The International Consensus also recognizes 3 types of bicuspid valve-associated aortopathy: 1. The ascending phenotype; 2. The root phenotype; and 3. Extended phenotypes

Summary: International Consensus Statement on Nomenclature and Classification of the Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Its Aortopathy, for Clinical, Surgical, Interventional and Research Purposes.

peer reviewedThis International evidence-based nomenclature and classification consensus on the congenital bicuspid aortic valve and its aortopathy recognizes 3 types of bicuspid aortic valve: 1. Fused type, with 3 phenotypes: right-left cusp fusion, right-non cusp fusion and left-non cusp fusion; 2. 2-sinus type with 2 phenotypes: Latero-lateral and antero-posterior; and 3. Partial-fusion or forme fruste. This consensus recognizes 3 bicuspid-aortopathy types: 1. Ascending phenotype; root phenotype; and 3. extended phenotypes

RAN translation at C9orf72-associated repeat expansions is selectively enhanced by the integrated stress response

A nucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 is a common genetic cause of neurodegenerative disorders. Here, the authors provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which this repeat undergoes Repeat-Associated Non-AUG (RAN) translation, implicating the integrated stress response and eIF2α phosphorylation

DDX

A CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5′ UTR of FMR1 causes the neurodegenerative disorder Fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). This repeat supports a non‐canonical mode of protein synthesis known as repeat‐associated, non‐AUG (RAN) translation. The mechanism underlying RAN translation at CGG repeats remains unclear. To identify modifiers of RAN translation and potential therapeutic targets, we performed a candidate‐based screen of eukaryotic initiation factors and RNA helicases in cell‐based assays and a Drosophila melanogaster model of FXTAS. We identified multiple modifiers of toxicity and RAN translation from an expanded CGG repeat in the context of the FMR1 5′UTR. These include the DEAD‐box RNA helicase belle/DDX3X, the helicase accessory factors EIF4B/4H, and the start codon selectivity factors EIF1 and EIF5. Disrupting belle/DDX3X selectively inhibited FMR1 RAN translation in Drosophila in vivo and cultured human cells, and mitigated repeat‐induced toxicity in Drosophila and primary rodent neurons. These findings implicate RNA secondary structure and start codon fidelity as critical elements mediating FMR1 RAN translation and identify potential targets for treating repeat‐associated neurodegeneration.SynopsisFragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome is caused by CGG repeat‐associated non‐AUG (RAN) translation that initiates within the 5′UTR of FMR1. A candidate‐based screen identified several initiation factors—DDX3X/Belle, eIF4B, eIF4H, eIF1, and eIF5—critical for FMR1 RAN translation.Knockdown of the RNA helicase DDX3X selectively suppresses FMR1 RAN translation in Drosophila melanogaster, cultured HeLa cells, and in vitro translation assays.DDX3X knockdown reduces CGG repeat‐associated toxicity in Drosophila and mammalian neurons.Eukaryotic initiation factors that modulate RNA‐RNA secondary structure (DDX3X, EIF4B, EIF4H) or start codon fidelity (EIF1, EIF5) impact FMR1 RAN translation.FXTAS is caused by CGG repeat‐associated non‐AUG (RAN) translation that initiates within the 5′UTR of FMR1. A candidate‐based screen identified several initiation factors—DDX3X/Belle, eIF4B, eIF4H, eIF1, and eIF5—critical for FMR1 RAN translation.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151325/1/embr201847498.reviewer_comments.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151325/2/embr201847498-sup-0001-Appendix.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151325/3/embr201847498_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151325/4/embr201847498.pd