623 research outputs found
P300- like event related potential amplitude in rats is a correlate of conditioned reinforcement
We have developed a methodology for recording a robust P300 event related potential (ERP) in rats. In these experiments a contingency shaped model of the human “oddball’ paradigm was employed in which rats were shaped to press a lever for food reinforcement signaled by the click of the pellet dispenser. A target tone cued the insertion of the lever that retracted after 1­sec or immediately following a single reinforced response, while a non­target tone was randomly presented. Brain activity was recorded through stainless steel electrodes implanted 1mm below the skull. Here, we compared the amplitude of the P300 response to the click of the pellet dispenser to the amplitude of the P300 response to the target and non­target tones. We found that the amplitude to food click was significantly greater that the amplitude to the target tone that cued lever insertion. Since the food click is more proximal to the primary reinforcer than the lever tone, it is a stronger conditioned reinforcer than the lever tone that sets the occasion for the food click. Accordingly we suggest that the P300 in rats is a correlate of conditioned reinforcement
A BPS Interpretation of Shape Invariance
We show that shape invariance appears when a quantum mechanical model is
invariant under a centrally extended superalgebra endowed with an additional
symmetry generator, which we dub the shift operator. The familiar mathematical
and physical results of shape invariance then arise from the BPS structure
associated with this shift operator. The shift operator also ensures that there
is a one-to-one correspondence between the energy levels of such a model and
the energies of the BPS-saturating states. These findings thus provide a more
comprehensive algebraic setting for understanding shape invariance.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, LaTe
Twisted Sectors and Chern-Simons Terms in M-Theory Orbifolds
It is shown that the twisted sector spectrum, as well as the associated
Chern-Simons interactions, can be determined on M-theory orbifold fixed planes
that do not admit gravitational anomalies. This is demonstrated for the
seven-planes arising within the context of an explicit orbifold, although the results are completely general. Local
anomaly cancellation in this context is shown to require fractional anomaly
data that can only arise from a twisted sector on the seven-planes, thus
determining the twisted spectrum up to a small ambiguity. These results open
the door to the construction of arbitrary M-theory orbifolds, including those
containing fixed four-planes which are of phenomenological interest.Comment: 21 pages, LaTe
An M-Theory Perspective on Heterotic K3 Orbifold Compactifications
We analyze the structure of heterotic M-theory on K3 orbifolds by presenting
a comprehensive sequence of M-theoretic models constructed on the basis of
local anomaly cancellation. This is facilitated by extending the technology
developed in our previous papers to allow one to determine "twisted" sector
states in non-prime orbifolds. These methods should naturally generalize to
four-dimensional models, which are of potential phenomenological interest.Comment: 58 pages, LaTe
Effective Symmetries of the Minimal Supermultiplet of N = 8 Extended Worldline Supersymmetry
A minimal representation of the N = 8 extended worldline supersymmetry, known
as the `ultra-multiplet', is closely related to a family of supermultiplets
with the same, E(8) chromotopology. We catalogue their effective symmetries and
find a Spin(4) x Z(2) subgroup common to them all, which explains the
particular basis used in the original construction. We specify a constrained
superfield representation of the supermultiplets in the ultra-multiplet family,
and show that such a superfield representation in fact exists for all adinkraic
supermultiplets. We also exhibit the correspondences between these
supermultiplets, their Adinkras and the E(8) root lattice bases. Finally, we
construct quadratic Lagrangians that provide the standard kinetic terms and
afford a mixing of an even number of such supermultiplets controlled by a
coupling to an external 2-form of fluxes.Comment: 13 Figure
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Mechanical failure characterization of optical components caused by laser induced damage initiated at contaminants
The goal of this research is to quantify by numerical techniques the effects of surface and subsurface absorbing defects on damage initiation and growth in high power laser optical components. The defects include laser absorbing spots (e.g., surface particulate contamination) and surface damage regions (e.g., micro-cracks and voids) which are present due to environmental exposure and fabrication processes. This report focuses on three sources of contamination that can cause damage to optical components: (1) Front surface particle contamination, (2) Back surface particle contamination, and (3) Subsurface particle contamination. The DYNA2D (non-linear structural mechanics) code was used to model the growth of damage in the glass substrate. The damage in the nominally transparent glass substrate as a result of front surface particle contamination was found to be dependent on the magnitude of the resultant pressure pulse applied to the particle and the initial area of contact between the particle and glass substrate. The pressures generated from a back surface particle being blown off the surface provided sufficient loading to severely damage (crack) the glass substrate. A subsurface Ceria dioxide particle showed a strong surface interaction that influenced the formation and direction of the damage (cracking) that ultimately resulted in the blow-out of the damaged material leaving a relatively clean crater in the glass. Crater shape and size was determined. Since fused silica is the most transparent, and therefore laser damage resistant, of the optical materials, it is used for the most at-risk optical elements. The present studies are for a fused silica substrate. Some oxides such as Ceria are transparent in the infrared and visible, but absorbing in the UV part of the spectrum. Because ICF lasers like NIF use frequency tripling, effects of such oxides must be included
Elastic interaction energy between a silicon interstitial and a carbon substitutional in a silicon crystal
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