THE BARBAROUS MASSACRE RECONSIDERED: THE POWHATAN UPRISING OF 1622 AND THE HISTORIANS

The Powhatan Uprising of March 22, 1621/22, was the single most significant event of Anglo-Indian relations in Virginia. An early example of a native culture’s rebellion against intruding European civilization, the uprising climaxed a mere decade and a half of intercultural contact. Its impact upon trans-Atlantic ideology and policy was impressive: it brought to an end the first (forty year) phase of British imperialis [imperialist] accelerated Virginia\u27s unique course of development, and hastened the doom of an American Indian empire with vast potential

Optimal discrete-time control for non-linear cascade systems

In this paper we develop an optimality-based framework for designing controllers for discrete-time nonlinear cascade systems. Specifically, using a nonlinear-nonquadratic optimal control framework we develop a family of globally stabilizing backstepping-type controllers parameterized by the cost functional that is minimized. Furthermore, it is shown that the control Lyapunov function guaranteeing closed-loop stability is a solution to the steady-state Bellman equation for the controlled system and thus guarantees both optimality and stability

Test bed control center design concept for Tank Waste Retrieval Manipulator Systems

This paper describes the design concept for the control center for the Single Shell Tank Waste Retrieval Manipulator System test bed and the design process behind the concept. The design concept supports all phases of the test bed mission, including technology demonstration, comprehensive system testing, and comparative evaluation for further development and refinement of the TWRMS for field operations

Book Review: Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage Resistance to the Christian Invasion, 1673-1906: A Cultural Victory

As he did in his 1992 The Osage: An Ethno-historical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains, Willard Rollings expands and enhances our understanding of that historically significant, but often neglected, Native nation in this new study of Christian missions

Fighting "Fire" With Firearms: The Anglo-Powhatan Arms Race in Early Virginia

In 1628 Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Plantation expressed his fear and outrage that local Indians were equipped with European muskets. "O, the horribleness of this villainy!" he wrote. "How many both Dutch and English have been lately slain by ... these barbarous savages thus armed with their own weapons." With powder, bullet-molds, and even replacement parts for their firearms, the Indians were, according to Bradford, "ordinarily better fitted and furnished than the English themselves." The militant first decades of seventeenth-century English America produced well-armed Indian forces among the Algonquians of coastal New England and the Iroquois further west, but a similar, if less well-known, phenomenon occurred in tidewater Virginia. Much sooner than most early American scholars have realized, the Powhatans desired, acquired, and used firearms-with lethal effect-against the English invaders of the James River basin. While Geronimo's Apache riflemen of the late 1805 have been recognized as the epitome of heavily-armed Indian warriors, few persons would associate the Native Americans' quest for equality in weaponry with the early Jamestown years. But in fact, no sooner had the English invaded the fertile lowlands of tidewater Virginia than the Powhatans adopted new technology and tactics and entered into a deadly arms race for cultural survival and territorial sovereignty

A Practical Variable-Speed Control Moment Gyroscope Steering Law for Small Satellite Energy Storage and Attitude Control

Recent practical work in developing combined energy storage and attitude control subsystems for small satellites has opened the door to more complex, demanding space missions. Laden with substantial benefits such as agile slewing, robust singularity avoidance, increased lifetime, mass savings, and favorable peak power density, these recently proposed systems use variable-speed control moment gyroscopes to store and drain energy while controlling satellite orientation. The full non-linear equations for simultaneous control of gimbal and wheel motors for this system were presented and theoretically unraveled in previous work, however that implementation assumed a single computer dictates the commands to these motors at each time step. The limitation of this method is that it is difficult to control the wheel and gimbal motors separately as required to immediately implement the flywheel motors in the passive electronics of an existing satellite energy storage subsystem. Such isolated control would impart disturbance torques on the system from torquing the wheel motors, but does not allow the simultaneous steering laws controllability of the wheels, an underlying assumption of these laws. To address this need, a novel gimbal steering law is derived to permit independent gimbal and wheel control of the actuators with continued singularity avoidance, a situation that allows direct incorporation of such a system into an existing small satellite energy storage subsystem. This law rejects the disturbance torques generated during independent wheel control. As it permits directly interfacing this small satellite combined energy storage and attitude control subsystem into a conventional satellite, this novel, composite gimbal steering law is more immediately practical than pre-existing simultaneous steering laws