Prevalence and genotyping identification of Cryptosporidium in adult ruminants in central Iran

Background Apicomplexan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium infect a wide range of animal species as well as humans. Cryptosporidium spp. can cause life threatening diarrhea especially in young animals, children, immunocompromised patients and malnourished individuals. Asymptomatic cryptosporidial infections in animals can also occur, making these animals potential reservoirs of infection. Methods In the present study, a molecular survey of Cryptosporidium spp. in ruminants that were slaughtered for human consumption in Yazd Province, located in central Iran was conducted. Faeces were collected per-rectum from 484 animals including 192 cattle, 192 sheep and 100 goats. DNA was extracted from all samples and screened for Cryptosporidium by PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene. Positives were Sanger sequenced and further subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) locus. Results In total, Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 22 animals: C. andersoni and C. bovis in seven and two cattle faecal samples, respectively, C. ubiquitum in five sheep, and C. xiaoi in six sheep and two goat samples, respectively. To our knowledge, this study provides for the first time, molecular information concerning Cryptosporidium species infecting goats in Iran, and is also the first report of C. ubiquitum and C. xiaoi from ruminants in Iran. Conclusion The presence of potentially zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium in ruminants in this region may suggest that livestock could potentially contribute to human cryptosporidiosis, in particular among farmers and slaughterhouse workers, in the area. Further molecular studies on local human populations are required to more accurately understand the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium spp. in this region

Therapeutic Effect of Onosma Stinosiphon Extract on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Infected BALB/c Mice

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is wide range, worldwide, without drug, vaccine, secticide and has not sterile immunity and Efforts in this field has not been successful. Research on efficacy of medicinal plants, is including the research infrastructure. Herbaceous plants tomentose perennial local name Khouchoobe in Kerman And official Zangoolaei Looleh baric and scientific name Onosma stinosiphon "Traditionally in the past as a poultice to treat skin, superficial cuts, wounds and acne has been used. Its disinfectant properties at the site of the wound have been proved. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is throughout the country as epidemics and endemic. Purpose of this is Effectiveness Comparison between Onosma. This study was to Effect of Onosma stinosiphon Extract on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Infected BALB/c mice. Methods: sufficient root of Onosma stinosiphon were minced and they were dissolved in Ethanol 80. Then they were placed into the stirrer with magnets in room temperature for 24 hours. Next, they were softened. This compound was, first, sterilized and prepared as tropica with concentration of 40, 60 and 80%. It was refrigerated until used. In the lab, 50 BABL/c mice were infected with the parasite Leishmania (L) tropica, They were divided into four control groups and a group that received 40, 60, and 80% concentration of the extract- Onosma stinosiphon and Honey As soon as the Leishmania lesion appeared, Extract- Onosma stinosiphon was applied every two days. As well, the foot and the size of the lesion were measured the weight was also taken in all mice in the four groups by using ale and coliss every week until the death of the last mouse in the control group. Results: Average weight of mice receiving extracts each other and an average weight of mice of receiving honey with an average weight of control mice showed no significant difference (P> 0.05). Average diameter ulcer mice receiving extracts each other and an Average diameter ulcer mice receiving honey with an average diameter size of mice control mice showed significant difference (P = 0.000). Determine the average size of the spleen (mm) and compare survival time (days) in any study group which was not significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion: topical use of Onosma stinosiphon extract in the treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis wounds causes to be the growth slower diameter size and use of topical honey prevention of cause necrosis and creation of secondary bacterial infections are, but it Do not none whole parasite removal from the body

Usefullness of Honey from the Islamic Point of View and Evaluation of Its Effects on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Wounds in Balb/C Rats Invitro

Introduction: Honey has been one of the most complete and a delicious edible since ages and there has been a special consideration towards it in Islam. In the Holy Quran, there is a full chapter named “The Bee (Nahl)” and there is a verse in it as follows: “And your lord revealed to the bee saying make hives in the mountains and in the trees and in what they build, then eat of all of fruits and walk in the ways of your lord submissively. There comes forth from within it a beverage of many colors, in which there is healing for men, most surely there is a sign in this for a people who reflect.” (2) Honey has been used traditionally in medicine throughout history, for healing chronic wounds resistant to antibiotics and various kinds of burns. Because honey has low humidity, high osmotic pressure and pH, it causes stasis of growth of infectious agents and a sterile layer on sorts. A former survey showed that honey contains 20 types of sugars, 8 types of vitamins, 11 types of mineral substances,16 types of amino acids, a large of enzymes and so on. In this study we surveyed the properties of honey from the Islamic point of view and its effects on cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds in BALB/c rats in the laboratory. Methods: Sufficient natural honey from Golpayegan, a city in Isfahan province renown for its natural, good quality honey and ointment Paramo-U (made in Iran) were obtained. 30 BALB/c mice were infected with the parasiteLeishmania(L)major[MRHO/IR/75/ER] (Parasitology Dept on Faculty Medicine in Tarbiat Modares University). They were divided into three groups Honey study group, Negative and Positive groups and as soon as the Leishmania lesion was obvious, weight of the mice and size of the lesion were measured in all by using Scale and Coliss(Mettler,Switzerland)weekly until the death of the last mouse in the Negative control group. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mean weight of the mice that received honey was not significantly different from the mean weight of the mice in the negative and positive groups. (p>0.05). But the mean wound size in the mice that received honey was significantly different from the mean wound measurement in the negative and positive controls groups (p=0.0001). Conclusion: When BALB/c mice are infected with Rural Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Leishmania(L) major [MRHO/IR/75/ER], it results in gradual loss of weight and increase in the size of the cutaneous lesion. If not treated, it develops into visceral leishmaniasis and ultimately death of the animal. Use of honey did not affect the weight significantly, but showed a significant decrease in the size of the lesions

Effect of Direct Electricity Current on Viability of Leishmania (L) tropica Promastigotes: an in vitro Study

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is among top ten infectious diseases in the world, including the three diseases is important that the development of vaccines, medicines and insecticides is difficult to control it. The aim of in this study was Effect of direct electricity current on viability of Leishmania (L) tropica promastigotes: an In vitro study. Methods: Leishmania (L) tropica [MHOM / IR / NADIM3] to an appropriate level in NNN medium and RPMI1640 culture and promastigotes was prepared both stationary and logarithmic phases. The effects of the direct current from the electrodes 2 or 4 cm Leishmania parasite when staining the size of 1 × 1/5 cm in a arose gel and the parasites create both stationary and logarithmic phases were separate. Electrodes are 2 or 4 cm, and when the voltage in the order of 2/5, 3/5 and 4/5 was applied to the electrodes at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 70 minutes.   Results: Mean number of live promastigotes stationary and logarithmic stages when the distance between the electrodes was 2 cm to voltage 2/5, 3/5 and 4/5 compared with promastigotes in the control group showed significant differences (P=0.003). Also mean number of live promastigotes static stage when the distance between the electrodes was 4 cm to voltage 2/5 and 3/5 V was not significant (P=0.148). And 3/5 and 4/5 volts for voltage are not significant (P>0.05), the mean number of live promastigotes logarithmic stage when the distance between the electrodes was 4 cm, the voltage difference between the number of parasites for 2/5 and 3/5 V  Not significant (P=0.725). Conclusion: The electrodes are more sensitive and dynamic stage promastigotes lower and higher voltage electric current effect on growth control well

Murine leukocytes stimulation by Toxoplasma gondii antigens induces high level of IFN-γ production

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan, infecting a wide range of warm-blooded vertebrates. It is important for T. gondii to balance the response between cellular and humoral immune system for various aspects of its own survival. The aim of this study was to determine the level of IFN-γ and IL-4 production by murine peritoneal leukocytes stimulated with T. gondii lysate antigens (TLAs), excretory/secretory antigens (ESAs), and a combination of them (TLAs:ESAs). TLAs, ESAs, and TLA + ESA, considered as the experimental groups, were prepared and used to stimulate murine peritoneal leukocytes. The level of the IFN-γ and IL-4 secreted by the stimulated leukocytes was measured. In addition, untreated and phytohemagglutinin-treated groups were considered as negative and positive controls, respectively. As compared to the negative control, the level of IL-4 was lower in each of the experimental groups (P 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant difference for the level of IFN-γ between each of the experimental groups and both negative and positive controls (P < 0.05). The findings showed that the antigens of T. gondii were able to increase the IFN-γ production and decrease the level of IL-4 production. © 2020, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature

Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in cattle, sheep and goats in an arid area of central Iran

Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans as well as livestock and wildlife. It is of both public and veterinary health importance in developing nations. A molecular survey of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in ruminants from Yazd Province, Iran was conducted on 484 animal faecal samples collected per rectum from slaughtered ruminants including 192 cattle, 192 sheep and 100 goats from June to November 2017. Species-specific and assemblage-specific PCRs for assemblages A, B and E at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene were performed, and samples positive for Giardia were confirmed by sequencing. In total, 25 (5.16%) of examined faecal samples including eight cattle (4.2%), twelve sheep (6.2%) and five goats (5%) were infected with G. duodenalis. Assemblage-specific PCR detected G. duodenalis assemblage E in seven faecal samples (six in sheep and one in a goat). Assemblages A and B were not detected. This study provides the first insight into Giardia infection in slaughtered livestock in Iran. Although the prevalence of infection with Giardia in this hot-arid area of Iran was low, educating people about direct contact with livestock such as farmers and abattoirs workers about this zoonotic infection is important