Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus Isolates from Human in Khorasan Province, North-Eastern Iran

Background: Human hydatidosis is endemic in northeastern Iran. The present study aimed to investigate molecular diversity of Echinococcus granulosus isolates collected from human surgically. Methods: Sixty human hydatid cysts (58 lung cysts and 2 liver cysts) were collected through surgery from Ghaem and Emam Reza hospitals in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during 2015-2016. Cysts were characterized using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene and sequencing fragments of the genes coding for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (nad1). Results: Overall, 55 out of 60 Echinococcus granulosus cysts (91.6%) were determined as the G1 strain, 4 cases (6.6%) were determined as the G6 strain and 1 sample was not identified. Conclusion: Although sheep strain (G1) is dominated in human patients in Great Khorasan, the prevention of camel-dog cycle should pay attention in this region

Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in Carnivores in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran Using Mitochondrial DNA

Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis, a serious zoonotic disease present in many areas of the world. The parasite is maintained in nature through a life cycle in which adult worms in the intestine of carnivores transmit infection to small mammals, predominantly rodents, via eggs in the feces. Humans may accidentally ingest eggs of E. multilocularis through contact with the definitive host or by direct ingestion of contaminated water or foods, causing development of a multivesicular cyst in the viscera, especially liver and lung. We found adult E. multilocularis in the intestine and/or eggs in feces of all wild carnivores examined and in some stray and domestic dogs in villages of Chenaran region, northeastern Iran. The life cycle of E. multilocularis is being maintained in this area by wild carnivores, and the local population and visitors are at risk of infection with alveolar echinococcosis. Intensive health initiatives for control of the parasite and diagnosis of this potentially fatal disease in humans, in this area of Iran, are needed

Stem Cells, Simulation and Legal- Juridical Aspects of it

Introduction:First, definition the stem cell refers to those cells that are still not clear and are not equipped for a particular task. These cells have proliferative properties and  ability to differentiate into other types of cells have become. This characteristic of stem cells to self-directed has absorbed professional opinion that extensive research is done in this regard. Nowadays, stem cells are the first hope to restore damaged tissues and perhaps in the future are to build human organs. Stem cells are able to generate any cell type-specific function, such as heart muscle cells or insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.  Methods: Literature survey in the field of jurisprudence and legal issues of stem cells, The regard simulation issues in recent years research has been considered in detail with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences by holding of the Third Conference on Islamic views to address issues of simulations and jurisprudence held in 1381. It carried out medical and legal discussions which are printed in the third congress of the book. Conclusion: Stem cells and its achievements in the current medical knowledge is embryonic research that has a special place in our country, But this with astonishing results combined with legal jurisprudence and incidentally also has raised for the research challenges the most. Less research has been done issues of jurisprudence important challenge in the field of ethical issues related to damage to the inner cell of stem opponent. Mass of the embryo is 2 to 5 days used to grow stem cells. Key Words: Stem cells, Legal- Juridical

Alveolar Hydatid Disease: A Case Report

Alvelolar hydatid disease is caused by E.multilocularis.Human infection occurs at the larval stage of this small tape worm (1.2 to 4.5 mm).In this article we studied alveolar hydatid disease in a 50 year old woman who presented with a hepatic mass. Liver biopsy and histopathologic evaluation showed alvelolar hydatidosis of the liver.Then resection of the left lobe of liver was done,with medical treatment with oral Albendazole (15 mg/kg/12h) for 6 weeks with 2 week intervals. The drug was continued for 4 courses.5 year follow up of the patient was satisfactory without any complaint

Anterior Cervical Incision and Thoracotomy for Cervico-thoracic, Thoracic, and Thoracolumbar Spine Surgery: A Clinical Series

Introduction:Surgical treatment of diseases in cervicothoracic, thoracic and thoracolumbar regions can be a challenging issue. Cooperation of the thoracic surgeons and spine surgeons can improve the outcomes and decrease the complications of patients who underwent these approaches.Materials & Methods: The participants of this study consisted of seventeenpatients suffering from different types of vertebral lesions such as spinal TB, primary tumor, metastasis, and scoliosis. These patients were operated through anterior lower cervical incision (without sternotomy), standard thoracotomy, and lower thoracotomy during 2001-2016. For five patients, exposure of cervicothoracic region was achieved through anterior cervical incision with extension to anterior chest wall (without sternotomy). Through performing posterolateral thoracotomy (left or right) on nine patients, spine surgeons had a better access to the vertebral pathologies. In three cases, a perfect access to the thoracoabdominal spine was obtained by performing lower thoracotomy with removal of the twelfth rib and release of diaphragm from the chest wall.Results: In total, seventeen patients [eleven males (65%) and 6 (35%) females] with the mean age of 33.6 ± 19.4 were operated. 6 (35%) patients suffered from cervicothoracic lesions, 8 (47%)cases had lesions in middle and lower thoracic spine, and 3 (18%) patients had lesion in the thoracolumbar vertebra. Postoperatively, no mortality was observed in the patients and complications were reported to be minimal.Conclusion: According to the findings, the joint corporation of thoracic and spine surgeons can improve exposure of cervicothoracic, thoracic, and thoracolumbar regions. Furthermore, this approach can decrease the complications of these complex surgeries

Seven-Year Survival of a Patient with Primary Tracheal Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Surgery: A Case Report

The primary tracheal cancers are very rare, and squamous cell carcinoma is its most common form, especially in smokers. Due to the late presentation of symptoms, these tumors are usually diagnosed too late, and thus, they have poor survival. The gold standard protocol for these cancers is surgical excision and adjuvant radiotherapy. Primary radiotherapy is applied for the advanced and inoperable patients.In this study, we present the case of a 78-year-old woman with a history of heavy smoking, coughing, and dyspnea for a long time. During the diagnostic evaluations, bronchoscopy was carried out and a vegetated tumor was observed about 5 cm below the vocal cords. The patient was referred to the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran, for surgical management. The tumor was removed with rigid bronchoscopy, and her dyspnea temporarily improved. The pathology report indicated that the patient was suffering from squamous carcinoma. Therefore, she required reoperation to excise the invaded trachea with a tumor-free margin. Ultimately, considering no marginal involvement, lymphatic metastasis, or distant metastasis, the patient was discharged and referred to receive additional oncological treatments with the recommendation of annual surveillance bronchoscopy. Seven years after the operation, the patient is still alive and healthy without any local recurrence or metastasis at the age of 82

Pre-menopausal vulvar melanoma (Case Report)

Vulvar melanoma is a very rare tumor with the rate of 0.1-0.19/100000. It mostly occurs during post menopausal period. In this case report, our patient was a 43 years old woman, her symptom was a small pruritic lesion noticed two months earlier when she was referred to the clinic. This lesion was a 5mm diameter dark brown and flat on her left labialis minor. Malignant melanoma with 3-5mm thickness was diagnosted following biopsy. Wide local excision with more than 2cm free margin and inguino femoral lymphadenectomy at the site of the lesion was done. The recurrence of tumor was not abserved during four months follow-up

The Five Years Survival after Surgery of Primary Tracheal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Unlike the primary tracheal tumors, squamous cell carcinoma of trachea is common, especially in smokers. This type of tumor has a low rate of survival and it is diagnosed too late on account of late presentation of its signs. The treatment of choice is surgical removal followed by adjuvant radiotherapy; Primary radiotherapy is the appropriate treatment in inoperable cases. In this study, we present the case with a long history of smoking, who was suffering from cough and dyspnea for a long time. During diagnostic evaluations a vegetated tumor was observed about 5 centimeters below the vocal cords. Pathologists reported the tumor as a squamous cell carcinoma, and the patient underwent an operation for resection of involved trachea. Through presenting this patient, we aimed to draw attention to this uncommon malignancy and recommend considering it as a probable diagnosis when evaluating a patient with treatment-resistant respiratory symptom