Social Happiness and Social Participation

  Introduction   Social happiness is part of the social welfare component and depends more on social and economic determinants than on psychological and medical interventions. Meanwhile , it is one of the core concepts of sustainable development. Being happy is just one of the desirable wishes of life in every society . A nation is fresher and certainly wealthier when its citizens are happy. In this type of society , citizens have optimistic attitudes towards life and things around them. From 2000 onwards, variables such as happiness, hope in future , pleasure and satisfaction have been included as key variables in UN debates to determine level of development s in countries . This phenomenon is measured by the density of social networks and relationships , in many studies is associated with social health and happiness (Kawachi, 2008). Durkheim showed that suicide rates in populations with low levels of participation and social cohesion were more than cohesive communities (Halpern, 2005). Theorists argue that when people reach to a desired location or target , they become happy . According to Lerner, new communities are participatory societies in which modernization process is advanced , a move from traditional society to participatory society is inevitable. In t his view, economic participation means increased activity in the market and an increase in income, political participation means participation in elections , cultural participation means utilization of mass media and emotional involvement means empathy and psychological mobility (Lerner 1969: 86) .     Materials & Methods   This is quantitative study based on survey. We used Descriptive statistics and indicators such as dispersion and mean , standard deviation , minimum and maximum scores. For inferential statistics and to test the hypotheses, we used Pearson 's correlation coefficient and analysis of variance . A lso for explaining the social happiness variable , a stepwise multiple regression equation was used. Research population include all students of Azad University, branch of Ardebil, whose total number was 10223 at the year 2012-1213, of whom a sample of 370 individuals was selected using stratified random sampling method.     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between participation and happiness , which is in line with the results of other empirical investigations by Akbarpour beny and colleagues (2011 ), Eliasi (2002 ) and Neshatdoost et al. (2009 ) and Haller and Hadlr (2006 ). Similar to Hezarjarib and Astinfeshan research ( 2010), social happiness in our study was in a moderate level. At the same time , this research is in line with safari's research (2010 ) regarding lack of a significant relationship between discipline and marital status with social happiness .   Likewise, the results emphasize the lack of a significant difference between males and females in social participation and happiness . But Similar to Eddington and Showmen 's research (2004 ), female subjects seem to be happier than male ones . In this study , the three dimensions of participation , and collaborative spirit have a greater impact on social happiness , which is in line with the results of Larson (2000 ) and Peterson ( 2000 ). By looking at different aspects of happiness, it becomes clear that respondents obtain high scores in personal dimension, but in social dimension this score is lower . This is consistent with Lyubomirsky and colleaguesâ research (2005).

The Relationship of Moral Judgment and Adherence to Believers with Breakdown in the Family Institution

Introduction Family is a complex system of relationships, processes, and phenomena within the lives of its members, encompassing physical and psychological, economic and moral, social, and cultural aspects of society. A strong foundation for a healthy family can transform this social institution into a sanctuary for its members and a platform for human growth in all societies. In contemporary societies, the family has encountered various challenges due to shifts in its values and functions. Some of these challenges have impacted the relationships between spouses, leading to family breakdown. It is evident that the factors disrupting the functions of the family institution also contribute to numerous social harms. Despite extensive research on the family and its challenges in different societies and times, it is difficult to pinpoint specific and identical causes that threaten the foundation of the family. Therefore, understanding the social and individual factors that interfere with and affect family functions has always been a focal point of sociological studies and research, particularly in explaining the threats and causes of conflicts and differences, especially between couples. Based on individual and social circumstances, there are instances where couples, despite being dissatisfied with their relationships, are compelled to remain together, preserving the family structure outwardly but experiencing a decrease in emotional intimacy, which is often referred to as emotional divorce. This type of rupture in family relations has numerous direct and indirect consequences for both family members and society at large.   Materials & Methods   This research was classified as an applied research as the researchers aimed to experimentally test theoretical concepts with the results intended for practical application in addressing challenges within the research topic. In terms of its temporal nature, this study was cross-sectional. The method of data collection employed was a survey with information gathered through reviewing the respondents' answers. Furthermore, it was a correlational study as it evaluated and measured the correlation between variables. The target sample for this research comprised all married individuals residing in the 5th, 7th, and 8th regions of Tabriz City during the period of 2022-2023. The determined sample size was 384 individuals calculated by using Cochran's formula from the total married population living in the researched areas, which, based on the 2015 census, amounted to 311,380 people. Sampling was conducted in a clustered manner and the data collection tool utilized was a questionnaire comprising a combination of standard questions and those formulated by the researchers.   Discussion of Results & Conclusion The research findings revealed a significant and positive correlation between moral judgment and family breakdown. This suggested that when ethical standards are not grounded in rational reasoning and established definitions, but rather based on individual judgments regarding societal values and beliefs, ethical considerations become a source of disagreement and conflict among family members, thereby posing a risk to the cohesion of the family institution. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant and inverse relationship between adherence to beliefs and family disintegration. In other words, as adherence to beliefs increases, family breakdown decreases. Beliefs play a crucial role in marriage and are intertwined with the activities that spouses engage in together. When couples significantly differ in this aspect, the stability of their relationship diminishes, leading the family towards a conflict and eventual dissolution

Social Trauma Field and Trauma Habitus with an Emphasis on Bourdieu’s Theory

Introduction The present study aimed to explore the concept of social trauma and its implications for habit formation from a sociological perspective with a particular emphasis on Bourdieu’s theories of field, habitus, and Hysteresis. Bourdieu, a prominent sociologist, has provided experimental explanations of various social fields and their deconstructions, which can be understood as traumatic situations from a sociological standpoint. According to Bourdieu, in conditions of individual and social stability, change occurs gradually and predictably, likening each person to a "fish in water." This suggests that habit and field are in harmony with each other, forming what Bourdieu termed habitus. The habitus, or embodied dispositions, is in a constant state of flux in response to new experiences. However, in critical moments or when the structure of the field undergoes significant changes, the habitus may struggle to adapt to these fundamental and sometimes catastrophic shifts, leading to a state of disorganization. This disorganization reflects the disparity between the new situations arising from changes in the field and the agents within the field, who must comprehend and navigate the new landscape. This process of disintegration as described by Bourdieu is closely related to the concept of social trauma. The term "trauma," derived from the Greek word "traumat," meaning to wound, is often used interchangeably with post-traumatic stress disorder. In essence, the new situations that emerge within the field can become traumatic, leaving a profound gap in both the field and habitus.‎     Materials and Methods This study employed a qualitative approach grounded in theory. Data collection and analysis were conducted by using purposeful sampling and the technique of semi-structured interview with the citizens of Tabriz in the year of 1402. The targeted sampling method utilized in this research aimed at achieving maximum diversity with the inclusion criteria encompassing a range of factors, such as gender, age, residential area (prosperous, marginal, middle-class), marital status, education, occupation, and income.   Discussion of Results and Conclusion The findings revealed that the field of social trauma exhibited an inescapable hysteresis of economic capital, devaluation of cultural capital, and a crisis in social capital. These factors contributed to the formation of habitus characterized by hopelessness, fear of the future, inner turmoil, and a sense of inadequacy. These elements in a dialectical interplay exacerbated the distortions within the field and habituation, rendering the situation more complex and precarious. Ultimately, the research findings indicated that the activists were situated within a field of social trauma and disintegration marked by fundamental crises in the realms of economy, culture, and society. Accessing economic resources had become nearly unattainable, while cultural capital had lost its influential role in enhancing individuals' status. Consequently, people had become isolated, their social connections had dwindled, and the activists had experienced alienation. This had resulted in a loss of social trust and diminished social participation. Therefore, life in this traumatic field, contrary to Bourdieu's perspective, which posits disturbances as temporary (though historically accurate), had engendered enduring traumatic habits, such as despair, a sense of helplessness, and emotional distress. The dialectical relationship between the traumatic field and traumatic habits had contributed to the deterioration of the social trauma field and, in accordance with Foucault's views, had led to the erosion of humanity and the human experience

The integration process in Margaret Archer's theory of morphology

The main purpose of this study was to investigate how to combine agency and structure in Archer theory. For this purpose, first the theoretical roots of integration are proposed, then Archer's theory of molding is presented with a comparative look at Giddens' theory. Finally, to the research question "What is the process of combining action and structure in Archer's theory?" Has been answered. She has formed her integrated theory by proposing the theory of morphology versus construction. The combination of agency and structure in morphology is as follows; First: pre-existing conditions (structures) that are the basis for social action. Second: the interaction that takes place in this context to achieve certain goals. Third, the consequences of social interaction that may lead to the structural cultivation of conditions of action; In other words, structures and agents are subject to change. Eventually, these agents and altered structures become the context and conditions for subsequent actions. Keywords: morphology, structuring, combination of agency and structure, critical realism, dialectic

Life cycle assessment, a decision-making tool in wastewater treatment systems: a case study wastewater treatment plant of Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract The evaluation of environmental implications associated with wastewater treatment plants and developing strategies for reusing wastewater with minimal harm to the environment and human communities is critical. This study investigates the environmental impacts of Ahvaz’s wastewater treatment plant using life cycle assessment, employing SimaPro®9.0.0 software for two scenarios. The first scenario represents the current state of the plant, while the second considers reusing treated effluent in farms. This examination can lead to modifications within existing systems or selection of the best alternative treatment option, ultimately reducing potential environmental impacts. The CML2001 method identified human toxicity and global warming (4.29 × 1013 and 3.67 × 1013, respectively), while the EcoIndicator99 method indicated ecotoxicity and carcinogens (5.2 × 10−13 and 2.82 × 10−13, respectively) as the highest contributors to negative environmental impact per 1 m3 treated effluent. The results demonstrate that although using treated sludge and effluent in agriculture conserves a significant amount of water, phosphorus, and nitrogen, it caused significant adverse impacts due to heavy metals present in the effluent and sludge. Additionally, the methane produced by sludge treatment, digestion, and disposal processes had the most harmful impact on global warming (0.577 (65%) in the CML2001 method). Comparing the two scenarios demonstrates that reusing effluent in farm irrigation is a more environmentally friendly technique, particularly in terms of eutrophication

Study of the Media's Role in Feeding Behaviorand Its Social Context (Case Study: Citizens Over 15 Years in Tabriz)

Introduction:In recent years we have witnessed the emergence of a "nutrition transition" between different societies. It means that a change inthetraditionaldiet, rich offiberand combined withintakeof grains, of fruits and vegetables toward to use of fat, sugar, salt and other processed foods.Accordingly, it must be said that in traditional feeding pattern, people turned to food consumptionto overcome hunger, but the new power model, the choice of food for people affected by different media and cultural factors (Madanat et al, 2011).Study of dietary patterns (including a variety of food), offer a good picture of diet and feeding habits of population and help us to identify help to identify at risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases and to identify and then have nutritional recommendations. Because the people in the choice of food,pay less attention to the nutrient content of food .Thus, according to the dietary patterns and social factors associated with dietary patterns, provide guidelines for diet and its effects on society(Barkoukis, 2007).One of the most important factors that influence the formation and persistence of consumption patterns and in particular, food choices, is advertising. Merton and Lazarsfield argued that the mass media make compatible people with existing economic and social status (quoting Severine and Tankard, 1992: 461-464). Gerbner and colleague(1980) point to implantable effects of mass media on society and believe that the news media, especially television, have the power to influence for order and harmony to deliver the message within a certain time, so that should be considered them shaping a society(Mehrdad,  2002). Also, Williamson(1987) argues thatadvertisingcreates newneeds andconsumption patterns, but it doesnât people information about the specific features of a product(Williamson, 1987, quoted Abdollahian et al.,2010).In this regard, Popkin(2001), Boynton(2003), Mao(2007) and Akbayet al(2007) in their research on the impact of media in changing dietary behavior pattern of feeding.Methodology:   Due to the nature of the subject, method of research was survey; survey was cross-sectional and applied research. Unit of analysis was the individual (citizens over 15years in Tabriz). According to the latest census, all patients over 15 years were 1194453 persons. Using the formula Cochran and multi-stage cluster sampling were chosen483 patients as the sample size. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire that includes questions about any of the dependent and independent variables.    In this study, the feeding behavior of individuals checked with regard to the selection of food items.In other words, it was questioned the respondents about their use of food items, bread and cereals, meat, beans, nuts, milk and milk products, fruits, vegetables and miscellaneous group consisting of fats and sweets during the week. Highest score (5) indicates a healthy feeding behavior and lowest score (1) represents the unhealthy feeding behavior. In this study, watching the media has been questioned. For measuring this variable, used 6 items are designed for media advertising of food items.    To measure level of trust in the media, designed 6 items and respondents were asked to rate their confidence in the media area in the food items. Also, the rate of watching TV programs (with different contents of sports, medicine and health, political, social, and scientific documentaries, cooking, religion-religious and entertainment)  measured by 8 items.Discussion and Conclusion:    According to the results, the average variable feeding behavior of the respondents indicated their attitude towards unhealthy eating behavior. About rate of watch advertisements and the level of trust should be noted that there was less effort among respondents for watching and trust them.   The correlation between watching and feeding behavior of the media indicated that increasing respondentsâ media watching, decline rate of their healthy feeding behavior. As well, increasing respondentsâ confidence of the media, reduce their feeding behavior. Also, the respondentsâ trust the media increases, reduce their feeding behavior.    Comparison of mean values show that between age groups, older age groups have higher mean and   more healthy nutritional behavior but in younger group, the mean is less. Among respondents with different employment status, unemployed, lowest and average public sector employees have the highest average. Comparison of respondentsâ educational level shows that with rising levels of education, nutritional behavior will lead to a healthy diet.  Comparison between singles and married and wife died persons, married have more healthy nutritional behavior. Finally, with comparing mean values can be concluded that the higher socio-economic class, dietary behavior will oriented to the use of healthy food. The mass media should strive to avoid indiscriminate advertising of consumer goods and unhealthy food, to make correct and accurate programs to promote food properly, provide healthy food for people, advertise on the entertainment programs and also produce videos and constructive programs, move to promotion of healthy lifestyles and behavior among the people

The relationship between access to financial resources and marital satisfaction in married women of Tabriz city

Introduction: The family is the basic pillar of society and the main center of human growth and excellence. The formation of this sacred institution is due to the marital bond between a man and a woman. Satisfaction with married life will mean satisfaction with the family and satisfaction with the family will mean satisfaction with the lives of men and women. Method: The research method was survey and data collection tool a questionnaire. For this purpose, to measure the variable of marital satisfaction, standard energy questionnaire (1998) was used, and for the variable of financial resources, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The statistical population of the research included married women over the age of 15 living in Tabriz city, and among them, 384 samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings: The collected data showed that the mean of women’s marital satisfaction above average and the mean of available financial resources to them was above average. In the dimensions of marital satisfaction, the mean value of personality issues, couple relationship, conflict resolution, financial management, Leisure time, Sex relation and relatives and friends were above average, and the dimension of marriage and children was lower than average. The result of Significance tests showed that there is a significant direct relationship between marital satisfaction and its dimensions and available financial. According to the findings, the more financial resources available to women, the higher their marital satisfaction. In fact, financial resources as a support can be effective in providing psychological security and subsequently in improving marital relations and marital satisfaction