Study on micro droplet reduction on tin coated biomedical TI-13ZR-13NB alloy

Cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CAPVD) is one of the physical Vapor deposition (PVD) techniques used to coat titanium nitride (TiN) on biomedical implants due to its good adhesion and high evaporation rate. However, this technique emits micro droplets which have can detrimental effect on the coating performance. Previous studies reported that micro droplets can be controlled through proper deposition parameters. In this paper, the PVD coating was performed on the Ti-13Zr-13Nb biomedical alloy with different substrate temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterized the surface morphology and coating thickness while X-Ray Diffraction (XRD was employed to evaluate the crystal phase of the coated substrates. Image analysis software was used to quantify micro droplets counts. The results show that higher substrate temperature able to decrease a significant amount of micro droplets and concurrently increase the thickness of TiN coating. A mixed crystal planes of (111) and (200) are obtained on the coated substrates at this setting which exhibits denser structure as compared to substrates coated at lower substrate temperature

EFFECT OF USING VARIOUS SUBSTRATES ON CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU

The unmanageable agricultural waste comprises of structural polymers, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be led to pollutions, thus it can be used as a mushroom substrate. Lignocellulosic materials are most favorable feedstock as renewable and natural resource. Forestry and agricultural practices generated a large amount of ligncelluosic waste and promoted to serious problematic environmental pollution. It can be easily broken down by lignocellulotic enzymes. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of various substrates on cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju. The substrates used in this study were tissue paper, rice husk ash and rubber sawdust. All of the substrates were added with rice bran and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Then, the mixtures were transferred into plastic sized 8 cm × 4.5 cm and were pasteurized in the steamer for 1 hour at60 °C - 100 °C. After that they were cooled overnight at 25 °C - 30 °C. The spawn were inoculated into the bag and incubated in incubation room. The media bags were incubated until mycelium fully colonized and watering was done twice a day. The parameters studies were included spawn running, number of fruit body, total of stipe length, weight of fruit body and biological efficiency. Results showed that the fastest spawn running and highest number of fruits body, total of stipe length, weight of fruit body and biological efficiency are found using tissue paper substrates. In contrast the rubber sawdust showed the lowest values of spawn running, total of stipe length, weight of fruit body and biological efficiency. It can be concluded that the tissue paper is one of promising substrate which can be used in growing of Pleurotus sajor-caju due to lower cost and easy to purchase as compared to other substrates

Effect Of Using Various Substrates On Cultivation Of Pleurotus Sajor-Caju

The unmanageable agricultural waste comprises of structural polymers, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be led to pollutions, thus it can be used as a mushroom substrate. Lignocellulosic materials are most favorable feedstock as renewable and natural resource. Forestry and agricultural practices generated a large amount of ligncelluosic waste and promoted to serious problematic environmental pollution. It can be easily broken down by lignocellulotic enzymes. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of various substrates on cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju. The substrates used in this study were tissue paper, rice husk ash and rubber sawdust. All of the substrates were added with rice bran and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Then, the mixtures were transferred into plastic sized 8 cm x 4.5 cm and were pasteurized in the steamer for 1 hour at 60 degrees C - 100 degrees C. After that they were cooled overnight at 25 degrees C - 30 degrees C. The spawn were inoculated into the bag and incubated in incubation room. The media bags were incubated until mycelium fully colonized and watering was done twice a day. The parameters studies were included spawn running, number of fruit body, total of stipe length, weight of fruit body and biological efficiency. Results showed that the fastest spawn running and highest number of fruits body, total of stipe length, weight of fruit body and biological efficiency are found using tissue paper substrates. In contrast the rubber sawdust showed the lowest values of spawn running, total of stipe length, weight of fruit body and biological efficiency. It can be concluded that the tissue paper is one of promising substrate which can be used in growing of Pleurotus sajor-caju due to lower cost and easy to purchase as compared to other substrates