BRAF Mutation and its effects on Radioiodine Uptake in Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Context: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is poorly differentiated subtype of thyroid cancer which either resistant to radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy or conventional chemotherapy. Each process of the biological characteristics in normal thyroid cells, including iodide uptake by sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), synthesis of thyroglobulin (Tg), expression of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and receptor for thyrotropin (TSHR), can be an onset stage for emerging thyroid carcinoma. Decrease or absence of NIS mRNA in thyroid carcinomas has well described for resistant to RAI therapy in these patients. Evidence Acquisition: The original articles related to the role of the BRAF mutations on the sodium-iodide symporter functions and radioiodine uptake in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were found by a search in Scopus, PubMed, Science direct, Springer and some else with an emphasis on literature published in the recent years.Results: The related studies disclosed that mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway happen in more than 90% of thyroid cancer. Also serine/threonine-protein kinase BRAF is an important component of the MAPK pathway. Its mutations cause reduction of NIS mRNA compared to tumors with other mutations

Relationship between PI3K Mutation and Sodium-Iodide Symporter in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

The sodium-iodide symporter is a transmembrane protein that has important role in radio-iodide therapy in various cancers such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a rare undifferentiated thyroid tumor, but highly aggressive and lethal malignancy. Usually it is resistant to radio-iodide therapy and a cause of this appearance knows through dysfunction of the sodium-iodide symporter. Some genomic mutations, like PI3K gene mutations, can affect on sodium-iodide symporter functions. This review article explains briefly about PI3K signaling pathway and survey its gene mutations in carcinomas especially in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and its influence on sodium-iodide symporter and iodide uptake

Biosynthesis of palladium, platinum, and their bimetallic nanoparticles using rosemary and ginseng herbal plants: evaluation of anticancer activity

Abstract In this research, palladium (II) and platinum (II), as well as their bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using medicinal plants in an eco-friendly manner. Rosemary and Ginseng extracts were chosen due to their promising anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. Once the expected structures were confirmed, the performance of these nanoparticles, which exhibited an optimal size, was evaluated as potential anticancer agents through in vitro method on colon cancer cell lines (Ls180, SW480). MTT assay studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles induced cell death. Moreover, real-time PCR was employed to investigate autophagy markers and the effect of nanoparticles on the apoptosis process, demonstrating a significant effect of the synthesized compounds in this regard

Leishmania cytochrome b gene sequence polymorphisms in southern Iran: relationships with different cutaneous clinical manifestations

Abstract Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania species, is a geographically extensive disease that infects humans and animals. CL is endemic in half of the 31 provinces of Iran, with 29,201 incidence cases reported in Fars province from 2010 to 2015. CL is polymorphic and may result in lesions characterized by different clinical features. Parasite genetic diversity is proposed to be one of the factors affecting the clinical outcome and lesion characteristics in CL patients. However, there is still very limited data regarding the genetic variation of Leishmania spp. based on the sequencing of Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. Methods All patients originated from endemic regions in Fars province. The amplification of the Cyt b gene from isolates of 100 patients with disparate clinical forms of CL was accomplished using Nested-PCR. Sequence analysis of the amplified Cyt b was used to scrutinize the genetic variations among Leishmania isolates and connect the results with clinical pictures. The clinical demonstrations were basically of two types, typical and atypical lesions. Molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method, with species/strains from this study compared to species/strains from other geographical regions. Results Leishmania major was identified as the predominant infecting Leishmania spp. (86% of cases), with the remainder of cases being infected by Leishmania tropica. Clinical examination of patients revealed 12 different clinical CL forms. Among Leishmania samples analyzed, five distinct haplotypes were recognized: three in L. major and two in L. tropica. We found a correlation between clinical outcomes and Cyt b sequence variation of Leishmania spp. involved. Moreover, we observed a higher presence of polymorphisms in L. major compared with L. tropica. This difference may be due to the different eco-epidemiologies of both species, with L. tropica being an anthroponosis compared to L. major, which is a zoonosis. Conclusions The sequence analysis of Cyt b gene from 25 L. major and L. tropica strains demonstrated genetic variability of L. major and L. tropica causing CL in southern Iran, and a feasible connection amid the genetic heterogeneity of the parasite, geographical source and clinical appearance of the disease in human was detected