Modeling Light Interception and Distribution in Mixed Canopy of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) in Competition with Corn (Zea mays)

To model light interception and distribution in the mixed canopy of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus rertoflexus) with corn, an experiment was carried out in randomized complete blocks design with factorial arrangement in Gonabad during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 growing seasons. The factors used in this experiment was consisted of three corn densities (7.5, 8.5 and 9.5 plants per meter of row) and three densities of redroot pigweed (zero, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plants per meter of row). INTERCOM model was used through replacing parabolic function with triangular function of leaf area density. Vertical distribution of the species’ leaf area showed that corn had concentrated the most leaf area in layer of 50 to 150 cm, while redroot pigweed has concentrated in 40-60 cm of canopy height. Model sensitivity analysis showed that leaf area index, species’ height, height where maximum leaf area is seen (hm), and extinction coefficient had influenced on light interception rate of any species. In both species, the distribution density of leaf area at the canopy length fit a triangular function, and the height in which maximum leaf area was observed change by increasing the density. There was a correlation between percentage of the radiation absorbed by the weed and percentage of corn seed yield loss (r2 = 0.89). Ideal type of corn was determined until the stage of tasseling in competition with weed. This determination indicates that the corn needs more height and leaf area, as well as less extinction coefficient to successfully fight against the weed

Comparison of cytotoxic effect of β-cyclodextrin and dextran micelles loaded with doxorubicin in KG-1 cells

زمینه و هدف: آنتراسیکلین ها درمان اصلی لوسمی حاد میلوژنز می باشند، اما استفاده از آن ها به دلیل عوارض جاننی محدود شده است. استفاده از میسل های پلیمری برای دارورسانی هدفمند دوکسوروبیسین توسط گیرنده های فولات برای لوسمی حاد میلوژنز می تواند این عوارض را کاهش دهد. این مطالعه با هدف مقایسه سمیت سلولی میسل های تهیه شده از بتاسیکلودکسترین و دکستران حاوی دوکسوروبیسین بر رده ی سلولی KG-1 انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی آزمایشگاهی، کونژوگه های رتینوئیک اسید/ سیکلودکسترین/ فولیک اسید و رتینوئیک اسید/ دکستران/ فولیک اسید به روش استریفیکاسیون تهیه شدند. بارگیری دارو در میسل ها به روش انحلال مستقیم انجام شد. نانوذرات میسلی بهینه سازی شده براساس اندازه ذره ای، پتانسیل زتا، اندکس پلی دیسپرسیتی، کارایی بارگیری و کارآیی رهش دوکسوروبیسین انتخاب شدند. جهت مطالعه اثر ممانعت از رشد سلولی بر رده سلولی KG-1 از روش رنگ سنجی MTT استفاده شد. یافته ها: دوکسوروبیسین بارگیری شده در نانو ذرات بهینه تهیه شده از کونژوگه ی رتینوئیک اسید/ سیکلودکسترین/ فولیک اسید در غلظت g/mlµ377/0، دارای اثر ممانعت از رشد سلولی حدود 5/10 برابر دوکسوروبیسین آزاد، 3 برابر دوکسوروبیسین بارگیری شده در میسل های رتینوئیک اسید/ سیکلودکسترین و 3/8 برابر دوکسوروبیسین بارگیری شده در میسل های رتینوئیک اسید/ دکستران/ فولیک اسید بود (05/0>P). دوکسوروبیسین بارگیری شده در نانو ذرات بهینه تهیه شده از کونژوگه رتینوئیک اسید/ دکستران/ فولیک اسید در غلظت g/mlµ377/0، دارای اثر ممانعت از رشد سلولی حدود 3/1 برابر دوکسوروبیسین آزاد و 2/1 برابر دوکسوروبیسین بارگیری شده در میسل های رتینوئیک اسید/ دکستران بود (05/0>P). نتیجه گیری: نانو ذرات تهیه شده از سیکلودکسترین حاوی دوکسوروبیسین اثربخشی بیشتری علیه سلول های سرطانی KG-1 نسبت به نانو ذرات تهیه شده از دکستران حاوی دوکسوروبیسین و داروی آزاد دارد

Retinoic Acid Decorated Albumin-Chitosan Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Retinoic acid (R) grafted chitosan (C) copolymers with different degree of substitution of retinoic acid on the chitosan were synthesized. Retinoic acid targeted chitosan-albumin nanoparticles were prepared for targeted delivery of doxorubicin in hepatocellular carcinoma by coacervation method. Physical properties of nanoparticles including particle size, zeta potential, drug loading efficiency, and drug release profiles were studied. TEM micrographs were taken to see the morphology of nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles was studied on HepG2 cells using MTT assay and their cellular uptake by fluorescence microscopy. FTIR and 1HNMR spectra confirmed successful production of RC conjugate which was used in production of the targeted RC-albumin nanoparticles. IC50 of drug loaded in these nanoparticles reduced to half and one-third compared to nontargeted nanoparticles and free drug, respectively

Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking studies and biological evaluation of some novel hybrids based on quinazolinone, benzofuran and imidazolium moieties as potential cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents

Objective(s): Hybridization of bioactive natural and synthetic compounds is one of the most promising novel approaches for the design of hit and lead compounds with new molecular structures. In this investigation, a series of novel hybrid structures bearing quinazolinone, benzofuran and imidazolium moieties were designed and synthesized. Materials and Methods:Novel hybrid compounds were prepared and their structures were characterized by spectral and analytical data. In order to evaluate the biological activities, the synthesized hybrid compounds were studied for in vitro antibacterial activity against three Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureu, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocitogenes) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella entritidis) and also, Candida albicans as one yeast-like fungi strain. Cytotoxic activities of the synthesized compounds were also evaluated by the MTT assay in the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and finally docking studies of cytotoxic derivatives were performed on aromatase enzyme. Results:The results of antimicrobial activity showed that compound 14e, with two halogen atoms on quinazolinone and benzofuran was the most active against all the tested strains of microorganisms with the MIC value 16-128 µg/ml. Some of the tested compounds showed good cytotoxicity on MCF-7, and compound 14c with IC50=0.59 micromolar (μM) was found to be the most cytotoxic compound among the studied hybrid derivatives. The docking analysis showed acceptable binding interactions for these compounds. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the hybrid derivatives of quinazolinone, benzofuran and imidazolium could be regarded as efficient candidates for further molecular developments of anticancer and antimicrobial agents

Psychometric Properties of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) in Farsi: Based on DSM-5

ObjectivesThe first onset of many psychiatric disorders usually occurs inchildhood or adolescence. The structured interview of Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) was developed in response to the need for a standardized and reliable method to assess psychiatric disorders in preschool-age children. This study aimed to translate DSM-5-based PAPA into Farsi and evaluate its face and content validity and reliability.Materials & MethodsThe procedure was a forward translation of PAPA to Farsi, evaluation for face and content validity, finalization of items within the expert panel, backward translation to English, matching the original PAPA with randomly selected items from the backward translation version, and revision as needed, and finally evaluation for the validity of the changes for localization and cultural considerations. The interviews based on the final Farsi version were performed on thirty parents of children from two to five years old (chosen from Tabriz health centers) to determine the reliability and were repeated at an interval of two weeks. ResultsThe mean of CVI=0.91 and Modified Kappa=0.90 were obtained, and reliability with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.89.ConclusionThe Farsi version of the DSM-5-based PAPA diagnostic interview has good face and content validity and reliability

Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

BACKGROUND: The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. FINDINGS: In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. INTERPRETATION: The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. FUNDING: The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital (2022QN38)

Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases : findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

DATA SHARING STATEMENT : Data used for the analyses are publicly available from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (http://www.healthdata.org/; http:// ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool).BACKGROUND : The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. METHODS : We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. FINDINGS : In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. INTERPRETATION : The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively.The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Support from Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital; Shaqra University; the School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana; the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR); an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Fellowship; the Italian Center of Precision Medicine and Chronic Inflammation in Milan; the Department of Environmental Health Engineering of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia; Jazan University, Saudi Arabia; the Clinician Scientist Program of the Clinician Scientist Academy (UMEA) of the University Hospital Essen; AIMST University, Malaysia; the Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; a Kornhauser Research Fellowship at The University of Sydney; the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary; Taipei Medical University; CREATE Hope Scientific Fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia; the National Institute for Health and Care Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and an NIHR Clinical Lectureship in Respiratory Medicine; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal; Author Gate Publications; the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Nassau University Medical center; the Italian Ministry of Health (RRC); King Abdulaziz University (DSR), Jeddah, and King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACSAT), Saudi Arabia, Science & Technology Development Fund (STDF), and US-Egypt Science & Technology joint Fund: The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Egypt; partially supported by the Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning; the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad Pakistan; Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program; the Belgian American Educational Foundation; Health Data Research UK; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBERSAM, and INCLIVA; the Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Shaqra University; Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences and SRM Institute of Science and Technology; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan; the Chinese University of Hong Kong Research Committee Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme; the institutional support of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt; the European (EU) and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, UK-National Institute for Health and Care Research, the Mahathir Science Award Foundation and EU-EDCTP.http://www.thelancet.comam2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Cyclic imide derivatives: As promising scaffold for the synthesis of antimicrobial agents

Cyclic imides as building blocks in the synthesis of natural products, drugs and polymers display a diverse of pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes recent findings on antimicrobial activities of cyclic imide derivatives and emphasis on the importance of cyclic imides for drug design and development of new antimicrobial compounds