Schopenhauer’s Pholosophy Of Pessimism On George Eliot’s Characterization In Silas Marner And The Mill On The Floss

Arthur Schopenhauer’s pessimistic philosophy presents the world as a dark and evil place where the human being struggles to fulfill the evil and malevolent will’s desires. All human selfish desires, urges, and wants which always cause the individual to struggle painfully, have their roots in this over‐mastering force. Since the evil will is the base of all human worldly attitudes and actions, the individual is destined to face the bitterest miseries in his/her life’s journey. Since Schopenhauer’s pessimism influenced Victorian writers greatly, this textual based research examines and explores how selected characters in both George Eliot’s novels, Silas Marner and The Mill on the Floss, are controlled by the Schopenhauerian omnipresent will. Further, it highlights the portrayal of the weak victims who struggle to fulfill their selfish desires which bring the great misery to every character in return. Silas Marner, George Eliot’s protagonist in Silas Marner, who blindly worshipped God at the Lantern Yard, and then his bright guineas, found no peace and contentment, but rather more suffering and pain with them. Maggie Tulliver, a central character in The Mill on the Floss, made her every effort to satisfy her inner strong need to be praised and loved. Following to fulfill these intense needs, she went through many crises which brought nothing but misery and pain not only to herself but to those around her as well. Although the findings show George Eliot’s created world as a world of evil where the characters are born to suffer, the study also presents the possibility of transition from this dark and unpleasant world to a world where the will is silenced. Realizing how all their efforts were in vain and how their selfish desires brought misery to everyone, the protagonists of both novels reject all their inner will’s worldly needs and desires. Silas Marner finds true peace and contentment by sympathizing with a little, suffering girl who has been ignored by her biological father, while Maggie Tulliver finds it through renouncing all worldly desires and sacrificing herself in order to save others

A Letter on “Induced Demand after Implementing the Health Reform Plan in Selected Emergency Departments Affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences: a Cross-Sectional Study”

Dear Editor in Chief Advanced Journal of Emergency Medicine I am writing you to point to an error in the article written by Shahverdi et al. entitled "Induced Demand after Implementing the Health Reform Plan in Selected Emergency Departments Affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences: a Cross-Sectional Study", which was published in your Journal. Variables have been proposed to increase the chance of induced demand on both patient and supplier (physicians, service providers and etc.) parts. For example, on the supply-side: "physicians' income, physician/population ratio, price of services, payment methods, consultation time per visit or service, type and size of hospital, and etc." and on the demand-side "patients' insurance coverage and etc.". The study aimed to assess the induced demand after implementing the health reform plan (HRP) in the selected emergency departments, but the findings focus on calculating the percentage of changes in services provided before and after HRP; and it has not been shown that the studied factors have led to induced demand. So, the calculated increases might be due to uncertainty. Furthermore, based on the statistics presented in table1, there is an increase of about 65% in radiographic images, from 0.02 (in 2012-13) to 0.33 (in 2015-2016) image/person, and the mean difference is 0.13. It seems that, there is a miscalculation. The mean difference should be 0.013, and so the increased amount will be 0.033

Optimal boundary control of a viscous Cahn-Hilliard system with dynamic boundary condition and double obstacle potentials

In this paper, we investigate optimal boundary control problems for Cahn-Hilliard variational inequalities with a dynamic boundary condition involving double obstacle potentials and the Laplace-Beltrami operator. The cost functional is of standard tracking type, and box constraints for the controls are prescribed. We prove existence of optimal controls and derive first-order necessary conditions of optimality. The general strategy, which follows the lines of the recent approach by Colli, Farshbaf-Shaker, Sprekels (see the preprint arXiv:1308.5617) to the (simpler) Allen-Cahn case, is the following: we use the results that were recently established by Colli, Gilardi, Sprekels in the preprint arXiv:1407.3916 [math.AP] for the case of (differentiable) logarithmic potentials and perform a so-called "deep quench limit". Using compactness and monotonicity arguments, it is shown that this strategy leads to the desired first-order necessary optimality conditions for the case of (non-differentiable) double obstacle potentials.Comment: Key words: optimal control; parabolic obstacle problems; MPECs; dynamic boundary conditions; optimality conditions. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1308.561

Relating phase field and sharp interface approaches to structural topology optimization

A phase field approach for structural topology optimization which allows for topology changes and multiple materials is analyzed. First order optimality conditions are rigorously derived and it is shown via formally matched asymptotic expansions that these conditions converge to classical first order conditions obtained in the context of shape calculus. We also discuss how to deal with triple junctions where e.g. two materials and the void meet. Finally, we present several numerical results for mean compliance problems and a cost involving the least square error to a target displacement

Optimal control of Allen-Cahn systems

Optimization problems governed by Allen-Cahn systems including elastic effects are formulated and first-order necessary optimality conditions are presented. Smooth as well as obstacle potentials are considered, where the latter leads to an MPEC. Numerically, for smooth potential the problem is solved efficiently by the Trust-Region-Newton-Steihaug-cg method. In case of an obstacle potential first numerical results are presented

Analysis of a compressible Stokes-flow with degenerating and singular viscosity

In this paper we show the existence of a weak solution for a compressible single-phase Stokes flow with mass transport accounting for the degeneracy and the singular behavior of a density-dependent viscosity. The analysis is based on an implicit time-discrete scheme and a Galerkin-approximation in space. Convergence of the discrete solutions is obtained thanks to a diffusive regularization of p-Laplacian type in the transport equation that allows for refined compactness arguments on subdomains

A phase field approach for optimal boundary control of damage processes in two-dimensional viscoelastic media

In this work we investigate a phase field model for damage processes in two-dimensional viscoelastic media with nonhomogeneous Neumann data describing external boundary forces. In the first part we establish global-in-time existence, uniqueness, a priori estimates and continuous dependence of strong solutions on the data. The main difficulty is caused by the irreversibility of the phase field variable which results in a constrained PDE system. In the last part we consider an optimal control problem where a cost functional penalizes maximal deviations from prescribed damage profiles. The goal is to minimize the cost functional with respect to exterior forces acting on the boundary which play the role of the control variable in the considered model. To this end, we prove existence of minimizers and study a family of "local'' approximations via adapted cost functionals

Analysis of a compressible Stokes-flow with degenerating and singular viscosity

In this paper we show the existence of a weak solution for a compressible single-phase Stokes flow with mass transport accounting for the degeneracy and the singular behavior of a density-dependent viscosity. The analysis is based on an implicit time-discrete scheme and a Galerkin-approximation in space. Convergence of the discrete solutions is obtained thanks to a diffusive regularization of p-Laplacian type in the transport equation that allows for refined compactness arguments on subdomains

Optimal control of doubly nonlinear evolution equations governed by subdifferentials without uniqueness of solutions

In this paper we study an optimal control problem for a doubly nonlinear evolution equation governed by time-dependent subdifferentials. We prove the existence of solutions to our equation. Also, we consider an optimal control problem without uniqueness of solutions to the state system. Then, we prove the existence of an optimal control which minimizes the nonlinear cost functional. Moreover, we apply our general result to some model problem