Vitamin D insufficiency and its association with adipokines and atherogenic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: A case-control study

IntroductionVitamin D deficiency is one of the most common nutritional disorders in most countries of the world. The present study was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the level of adipokines, atherogenesis indicators and factors related to metabolic syndrome.MethodsThis case-control study was done on 195 patients with metabolic syndrome aged 20-50 y who attended the health centers in Zabol County, northeast Iran, between April 2021 and January 2022. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured for all subjects with standard methods. To determine serum 25(OH)D levels, we used enzymatic linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was calculated as log (TG/HDL-c). The visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the lipid accumulation product (LAP) were estimated according to standard formulas.Results and DiscussionParticipants in the case group had lower serum levels of 25(OH)D compared to controls (19.8 ± 6.2 ng/ml vs. 41.2 ± 9.7ng/ml, P<0.001). We found that the mean serum levels of fasting blood sugar (P=0.023) and TG (P=0.008) as well as HOMA-IR (P=0.023) were significantly higher in the cases compared to controls. Also, patients with MetS and vitamin D insufficiency (cases) had higher AIP (P=0.040) and LAP (P=0.012) than controls. Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D levels showed significant inverse correlations with serum RBP-4 and a positive correlation with serum omentin-1 concentrations. The results of the present study showed that vitamin D deficiency correlated with some of the cardiometabolic risk factors among the patients with MetS

Dietary total antioxidant capacity is associated with lower disease severity and inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Abstract Background This study was designed to evaluate the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and clinical and biochemical variables in patients with osteoarthritis. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 patients with mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis. The Likert version of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC Index) was used to assess the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The secondary outcomes included inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. The participants' usual diets were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and the dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was calculated based on the ferric reducing antioxidant power method. Additionally, clinical and biochemical variables were evaluated using standard methods. Results The mean age of the participants was 57.2 ± 8.1 years, and 55.6% of them were females. The dietary TAC scores in this study ranged from 3.67 to 24.72, with a mean of 12.05 ± 5.3. We found a significant inverse trend between the dietary TAC score and the total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) score (P = 0.001), as well as the WOMAC stiffness (P = 0.008) and WOMAC physical function scores (P = 0.001). Furthermore, dietary TAC was inversely associated with serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (β = − 0.18, P = 0.020), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (β = − 0.67, P < 0.001), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) (β = − 0.33, P < 0.001), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) (β = − 0.22, P = 0.005) levels. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate an inverse association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and clinical and biochemical variables in patients with osteoarthritis

Assessment of antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes of pre-hypertensive and hypertensive women

Background: Few studies that have investigated hypertension have considered a state of oxidative stress that can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and other hypertension induced organ damage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-hypertension and hypertension status is associated with activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in a random sample of cardiovascular disease-free women. Methods: In this case-control study, 53 pre-hypertensive women, 32 hypertensive women and 75 healthy controls were included. General information was gathered using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were measured for each subject. Venous blood samples were drawn from subjects and plasma was separated. Activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated by measuring activities of copper zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) in selected subjects. Results: Fifty-three (33.1%) and 32 (20%) participants were pre-hypertensive and hypertensive, respectively. The hypertensive and pre-hypertensive women had lower CuZn-SOD (p < 0.001) and GPX (p < 0.01) activities compared to normotensives. Furthermore, hypertensive women had lower CAT activity compared to pre-hypertensive and normotensive women (p < 0.001). Moreover, significant differences were also observed between hypertensive and pre-hypertensive women in erythrocyte CAT activity (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The present findings show that activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes decrease in pre-hypertensive and hypertensive women, which may eventually lead to atherosclerosis and other high blood pressure related health problems

Association of Food Security with Atherogenic Glucose and Lipid Profile among Women: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Zabol, Southeast of Iran

Background and Aim: Food insecurity and poor quality of diet are among risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The main objective of this study was to assess the association of food insecurity with atherogenic glucose and lipid profile in women. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 630 women between 18 and 50 years of age were selected by cluster sampling and interviewed face-to-face. To assess the household’s food security status, we used a household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) questionnaire, which its validity and reliability had been determined in the Iranian population. The serum levels of glucose (FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured and LDL/HDL, TC/HDL, and TG/HDL ratios were calculated. Results: The mean serum concentrations of TG and TG/HDL ratio were significantly higher in the women suffering from moderate and severe food insecurity compared to those in the food-secure women (p=0.002). Compared with the food secure group, women with moderate and severe food security were more likely to develop hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted OR, 1.63; p=0.018) and a high TG/HDL ratio (adjusted OR, 1.52; p=0.030). However, food security status showed no significant associations with the probability of having the impaired fasting glucose, hypercholesterolemia, high LDL, low HDL, and abnormal ratios of LDL/HDL and TC/HDL. Conclusion: Food insecurity may be associated with increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia and high TG/HDL in women

BODY IRON STORES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE: IS IT RELATED TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS?

Abstract &nbsp;&nbsp; BACKGROUND: Elevated body iron stores have been suggested to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined whether elevated plasma ferritin concentrations as indicator of iron stores, affect the oxidative stress markers in a reproductive age women population. &nbsp;&nbsp; METHOD: One hundred sixty, 20-45-year-old women were randomly selected. We investigated body iron stores by measuring the concentrations of plasma ferritin. Furthermore, we assessed oxidative stress markers by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in a random sample of cardiovascular disease-free women in reproductive age. &nbsp;&nbsp; RESULTS: Subjects in the highest tertile of plasma ferritin presented the highest levels of plasma MDA (p&lt;0.001) and CAT activity (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, these Subjects presented the lowest levels of CuZn-SOD activity (P &lt; 0.01). No significant associations were found between the tertile of plasma ferritin in GPX activity. Plasma ferritin was significantly directly associated with plasma MDA levels and inversely associated with CuZn-SOD activity. Using multiple regression, Plasma ferritin levels was positively correlated with MDA levels and inversely correlated with CuZn-SOD activity. &nbsp;&nbsp; CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed an association between body iron stores and oxidative stress markers linked to atherosclerosis process. The results emphasize that iron overload would elevate the risk of coronary artery disease by promoting the lipid peroxidation. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Keywords: Iron stores, ferritin, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, women, reproductive age. &nbsp;</p

THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY IRON STORES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS RELATED TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN WOMEN OF REPRO-DUCTIVE AGE

Abstract &nbsp;&nbsp; BACKGROUND: Elevated body iron stores have been suggested to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined whether elevated plasma ferritin concentrations as an indicator of iron stores would affect the oxidative stress markers in women of reproductive age. &nbsp;&nbsp; METHODS: One hundred sixty, women, aged20-45 years, were selected randomly. Samples had no proven heart disease. Demographic data were gathered using check lists and face-to-face interviews. We investigated body iron stores by measuring the concentrations of plasma ferritin. Furthermore, we assessed oxidative stress markers by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes. &nbsp;&nbsp; RESULTS: Subjects in the highest tertile of plasma ferritin presented the highest levels of plasma MDA (p&lt;0.05). Those in the highest tertile of plasma ferritin had also the highest mean values of CAT activity (p&lt;0.05). Furthermore, Subjects in the highest tertile of plasma ferritin presented the lowest levels of CuZn-SOD activity (p&lt;0.05). Those in the highest tertile of plasma ferritin had also the lowest GPX activity but differences were not statistically significant. Plasma ferritin was significantly directly associated with plasma MDA levels and inversely associated with CuZn-SOD activity. Plasma ferritin levels was positively correlated with MDA levels and inversely correlated with CuZn-SOD activity. No associations were found between the tertile of plasma ferritin in GPX activity.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed an association between body iron stores and oxidative stress markers linked to atherosclerosis process. The results are also in agreement with the concept that iron overload would elevate the risk of coronary artery disease by promoting the lipid peroxidation. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Keywords: iron stores, ferritin, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, women.</p

IS OBESITY ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED PLASMA LIPID PEROXIDATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN WOMEN?

&nbsp; Abstract INTRODUCTION: The role of obesity in diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, colon cancer, sudden death and other cardiovascular diseases has been confirmed by many studies. In this study, it was hypothesized that obesity is an independent risk factor for lipid peroxidation and decreased activity of cytoprotective enzymes in humans. methods: To test the study hypothesis, we assessed lipid peroxidation by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) in 25 obese women (BMI=30-40 Kg/m2) and 25 women with healthy BMI (19-25Kg/m2). results: The concentration of plasma MDA was significantly higher (P&lt;0.001) in obese women (3.4&plusmn; 0.7 &micro;mol/L) compared to women with healthy BMI (1.4&plusmn; 0.3 &micro;mol/L). Furthermore, there was a significantly positive correlation (r =0.75, P&lt;0.0001) between BMI and plasma MDA. On the other hand, women with healthy BMI had significantly higher (P&lt;0.001) erythrocyte CuZn-SOD (873&plusmn; 52 U/g Hb) and GPX (64.7&plusmn; 14.2 U/g Hb) activity than obese women (660&plusmn; 39 U/g Hb) and (48.5&plusmn; 13.1 U/g Hb), respectively. Furthermore, erythrocyte CuZn-SOD and GPX activity were negatively correlated with BMI (r =-0.52, P&lt;0.0001 and r =-0.42, P&lt;0.001), respectively. No significant difference was observed between two groups in erythrocyte CAT activity. CONCLUSIONS: From these observations, it is concluded that obesity even in the absence of smoking, diabetes, renal or liver disease can decrease the activities of body&rsquo;s protective antioxidants, and can enhance the systemic oxidative stress. &nbsp; &nbsp; Keywords: Obesity, Lipid peroxidation, Cytoprotective enzymes, Oxidative stress, Women.</div

Assessment of Oxidative Stress Markers Related to Atherosclerosis in Pre-Hypertensive Women

Background: Lipid peroxidation is a free radical-generating process which occurs on every membranous structure of the cell. Free radicals are known to be involved in a number of human pathologies including atherosclerosis. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between pre-hypertension status and oxidative stress markers [total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels] in a random sample of cardiovascular disease-free women. Methods: In this study, 160 women of 20-45 years of age were randomly selected. General information data were gathered from each sample using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Blood pressure (BP) was measured for each subject. Body weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were measured and body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated for each subject. Venous blood samples were drawn from the subjects, and plasma was separated. In this study, the oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring the concentrations of plasma MDA and TAC levels. Results: Our results show that both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were inversely correlated with TAC (p<0.01) and positively correlated with MDA levels (p<0.01). Particularly, compared to the normotensive subjects, the pre-hypertensives had 19% lower TAC (p<0.05) and 22% higher MDA levels (p<0.01), after correcting for multiple comparisons and adjusting for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and other potential confounders. Conclusion: Our findings revealed an association between pre-hypertension and oxidative stress markers linked to atherosclerosis process. Thus, the identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms in pre-hypertension, which seem to include oxidative stress, may serve as an important lead for developing potentially new treatment modalities in this group of patients at risk for future cardiovascular complications

AGE-RELATED ALTERATIONS IN LIPID PEROXIDATION AND ACTIVITIES OF ERYTHROCYTE CYTOPROTECTIVE ENZYMES IN WOMEN

&nbsp; Abstract INTRODUCTION: The incidence of atherosclerosis increases with age, as do various indices of free-radical-mediated damage, e.g. lipid peroxidation. Because Antioxidant enzymes are the major defense system of cells in normal aerobic reactions, we aimed to assess the age-related alterations in the activity of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes among women. methods: One hundred sixty 20-45-year-old women were randomly selected among women receiving the services of rural health centers of Kerman Province, Iran. Data were gathered by using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. We assessed lipid peroxidation by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the activities of erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT). results: Those individuals in the highest quartiles of age and number of pregnancies presented the highest levels of plasma MDA (P&lt;0.001). We also observed an inverse relationship between age and erythrocyte CuZn-SOD and GPX activities. Although we found no significant difference between age groups in respect of erythrocyte CAT activity and/or plasma TAC levels, erythrocyte GPX activity was negatively correlated with the number of pregnancies (P&lt;0.001) . No significant difference was found between age groups and/or between quartiles of number of pregnancies for either energy or nutrient intake. Plasma MDA levels were positively related to age (r=0.307; P&lt;0.0001), number of pregnancies (r=0.250; P&lt;0.001), fat intake (r=0.281; P&lt;0.05) and Vitamin E intake (r=0.356; P&lt;0.01). Furthermore, there were negative correlations both between age and GPX activity (r= -0.280; P&lt;0.0001) as well as with CuZn-SOD(r= -0.228; P&lt;0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were affected by age. Erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes have an important role in detoxification of free radicals in the body; the age-related decrease in the activities of these enzymes might contribute to atherogenesis, along with classic risk factors.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Keywords: Age, lipid peroxidation, cytoprotective enzymes, oxidative stress, women.</div

بررسی پراکسیداسیون چربیها و فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتی اکسیدانی در گویچه های سرخ زنان مبتلا به کم خونی فقر آهن Assessment of lipid peroxidation and activities of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes in women with iron deficiency anemia

&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;مقدمه و هدف: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی وضعیت&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;پراکسیداسیون چربیها و فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتی اکسیدانی در گویچه های سرخ زنان مبتلا به کم خونی فقر آهن بود.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;مواد و روشها: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;در این مطالعه مقطعی، 43 زن مبتلا به کم خونی فقر آهن &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;(IDA)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; و 43 زن سالم به عنوان گروه کنترل انتخاب شدند. همچنین، یک گروه از زنان (43 نفر) دچار فقر آهن &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;(ID)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; نیز انتخاب گردید. سطح پراکسیداسیون چربیها با اندازه گیری غلظت پلاسمایی مالون دی آلدئید &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;(MDA)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; و میزان فعالیت&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;آنزیمهای آنتی اکسیدانی در گویچه های سرخ با اندازه گیری فعالیت آنزیمهای سوپراکسید دیسموتاز &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;(CuZn-SOD)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;(GPX)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; و کاتالاز &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;(CAT)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; ارزیابی شد. جهت مقایسه متغیرهای کمی مورد مطالعه بین گروهها از آزمون آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;(ANOVA)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; استفاده شد. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;نتایج:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; میانگین غلظت پلاسمایی &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;MDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; در گروه زنان &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;IDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; بطور معنی داری بیشتر از گروه زنان &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;ID&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; و زنان سالم بود (01/0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;. اما تفاوتی بین زنان گروه &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;ID&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; و گروه سالم از نظر غلظت پلاسمایی &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;MDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; مشاهده نشد. میانگین فعالیت آنزیم &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;CuZn-SOD&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;در گویچه های سرخ زنان گروه &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;IDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; بطور معنی داری کمتر از زنان سالم بود&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(01/0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;. علاوه بر این، میانگین فعالیت آنزیم &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;CAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; در زنان مبتلا به کم خونی فقر آهن بطور معنی داری کمتر از زنان گروه &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;ID&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; (01/0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; و زنان سالم (001/0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;بود.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;میانگین فعالیت آنزیم &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face="Times New Roman"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt"&gt;GPX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt; بین گروههای مورد مطالعه تفاوت آماری معنی داری نداشت.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;نتیجه گیری: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'"&gt;یافته های مطالعه حاضر نشان می دهد که میزان پراکسیداسیون چربیها در زنان مبتلا به کم خونی فقر آهن افزایش و میزان فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتی اکسیدانی در گویچه های سرخ کاهش می یابد. پیامد کاهش فعالیت آنزیمهای آنتی اکسیدانی در انسان پیشرفت تخریب بافتی است که ممکن است زمینه ساز بروز بیماریهای دژنراتیو از جمله تصلب شرائین در آنها باشد.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND&lt;/strong&gt;: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the lipid peroxidation levels and activities of erythrocytecytoprotective enzymes can be affected by iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in menstruating women.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;METHODS&lt;/strong&gt;: In this case-control study, 43 women with IDA, 43 women with iron deficiency (ID) and 43 healthy controls were included. Lipid peroxidation levels were assessed by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) (as byproduct of lipid peroxidation). We also evaluated the activities of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes by measuring activities of copper zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) in selected groups. Furthermore, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of&amp;nbsp; plasma was assessed for each subject.Comparisons between continuous variables across groups were performed by the calculation of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS&lt;/strong&gt;: Mean plasma concentration of MDA was significantly higher in IDA group than that in ID group (3.49 &amp;plusmn; 0.84 vs. 2.76 &amp;plusmn; 0.59, ?mol/L, respectively, p &lt; 0.01) and healthy group women (3.49 &amp;plusmn; 0.84 vs. 2.94 &amp;plusmn; 0.71 ?mol/L, respectively, p &lt; 0.01). No significant difference was observed between ID and healthy groups in plasma MDA concentration (2.76 &amp;plusmn; 0.59 vs. 2.94 &amp;plusmn; 0.71, respectively). The mean erythrocyte CuZn-SOD activity in IDA group was significantly lower than that in healthy group women (674 &amp;plusmn; 89 vs. 796 &amp;plusmn; 82, respectively, p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, erythrocyte CAT activity was significantly lower in IDA group compared to both ID (162 &amp;plusmn; 52 vs. 193 &amp;plusmn; 72, respectively, p &lt; 0.01) and healthy women groups (162 &amp;plusmn; 52 vs. 234 &amp;plusmn; 68, respectively, p &lt; 0.001). No significant difference was observed between study groups in erythrocyte GPX activity. In addition, plasma TAC levels were significantly lower in IDA and ID groups compared to healthy women group (1.97 &amp;plusmn; 0.42 and 2.16 &amp;plusmn; 0.64 vs. 3.76 &amp;plusmn; 0.86, respectively, p &lt; 0.01).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/strong&gt;: Our findings showed that activities of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes decrease and lipid peroxidation increases in women with IDA. The consequence of the low activity of the cytoprotective enzymes in human is progressive tissue damage, which may eventually lead to atherosclerosis and other degenerative diseases.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;KEYWORDS&lt;/strong&gt;: Lipid peroxidation, iron deficiency anemia, cytoprotective enzymes, women.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt