Scattering from a Domain Wall in a Spontaneously Broken Gauge Theory

We study the interaction of particles with a domain wall at a symmetry-breaking phase transition by perturbing about the domain wall solution. We find the particulate excitations appropriate near the domain wall and relate them to the particles present far from the wall in the uniform broken and unbroken phases. For a quartic Higgs potential we find analytic solutions to the equations of motion and derive reflection and transmission coefficients. We discover several bound states for particles near the wall. Finally, we apply our results to the electroweak phase transition in the standard model.Comment: 48 pages, 10 figures, LaTeX / epsf, revised to include references to earlier related wor

Salmond and Corporate Theory

Salmond's corporate theory was strongly influenced by Maitland and the German jurists of the late Nineteenth century. He did not receive their views uncritically and formulated his own theories in a pragmatic manner. His views on corporate theory and the State have been influential. As a judge he applied orthodox principles and made a useful analysis of the corporate constitution as it then existed

Principle and Policy in Malicious Prosecution

Judicial consideration by the Judicial Committee of the PrivyCouncil, and the United Kingdom Supreme Court, of the tort of malicious prosecution – historically confined to criminal prosecution and limited civil proceedings – demonstrates considerable confusion in Common Law systems over the roles of principle and policy in judicial reasoning. As judgements extending malicious prosecution to maliciously motivated civil claims demonstrate, the principles and policies underpinning malicious prosecution and abuse of process, and the relationship between these torts – regarded by judges and jurists as anomalous – remain unclear. Other common law jurisdictions are yet to positively affirm the revised malicious prosecution tort’s applicability to civil proceedings, and the few plaintiffs to plead the expanded tort to date have been unsuccessful

Moored surface buoy observations of the diurnal warm layer

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118 (2013): 4553–4569, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20360.An extensive data set is used to examine the dynamics of diurnal warming in the upper ocean. The data set comprises more than 4700 days of measurements at five sites in the tropics and subtropics, obtained from surface moorings equipped to make comprehensive meteorological, incoming solar and infrared radiation, and high-resolution subsurface temperature (and, in some cases, velocity) measurements. The observations, which include surface warmings of up to 3.4°C, are compared with a selection of existing models of the diurnal warm layer (DWL). A simple one-layer physical model is shown to give a reasonable estimate of both the magnitude of diurnal surface warming (model-observation correlation 0.88) and the structure and temporal evolution of the DWL. Novel observations of velocity shear obtained during 346 days at one site, incorporating high-resolution (1 m) upper ocean (5–15 m) acoustic Doppler current profile measurements, are also shown to be in reasonable agreement with estimates from the physical model (daily maximum shear model-observation correlation 0.77). Physics-based improvements to the one-layer model (incorporation of rotation and freshwater terms) are discussed, though they do not provide significant improvements against the observations reported here. The simplicity and limitations of the physical model are used to discuss DWL dynamics. The physical model is shown to give better model performance under the range of forcing conditions experienced across the five sites than the more empirical models.J.P. was supported for part of this work by a graduate exchange studentship from the Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. J.T.F. was supported by NSF OCE Award 0745508, the Charles D. Hollister Fund for Assistant Scientist Support, and the John E. and Anne W. Sawyer Endowed Fund in Special Support of Scientific Staff. R.A.W. was supported by the Office of Naval Research for the deployment of the Arabian Sea surface mooring, and by the NOAA Climate Program and Climate Observation Division for the deployment of the PACS and Stratus surface moorings. J.T.F. was supported under a cooperative program between WHOI and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST; Awards USA00001, USA00002, and KSA00011) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the deployment of the KAUST surface moorings.2014-03-1

Psychometric Properties of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ)

BACKGROUND: The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a well-established instrument used to evaluate the health status of heart failure (HF) patients. There has been a lack of clarity about the best way to conceptualize the KCCQ. The purpose of this investigation of the KCCQ was to: (1) explore the factor structure with an exploratory factor analyses; (2) perform reliability and validity testing to determine the best factor solution for item groupings; and (3) determine the most meaningful components of health status captured by the KCCQ. METHODS AND RESULTS: A secondary analysis of data from 280 adults with stage-C HF enrolled from three US northeastern sites was conducted to test the KCCQ subscale structure. Criterion-related validity for the Self-efficacy subscale was tested with the Dutch Heart Failure Knowledge Scale and the Self-care of Heart Failure Index Self-care Confidence Scale. Overall, internal consistency reliability (Cronbach\u27s alpha) for the KCCQ and subscales was 0.92, social interference (seven items, 0.90), physical limitation (four items, 0.84), symptoms (eight items, 0.86), independent care (two items, 0.80), and self-efficacy (two items, 0.63). Two items failed to correspond to a previously identified factor so the independent care subscale was added. Items intending to measure quality of life were loaded in the social interference subscale. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend eliminating the quality of life subscale and including those items in the social interference subscale, and eliminating the self-efficacy items and re-evaluating the items related to independent care