Disparities in Women With Endometriosis Regarding Access to Care, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management in the United States: A Scoping Review.

Endometriosis is a benign gynecological condition that elicits chronic pain in 2-10% of reproductive-age women in the United States and exists in approximately 50% of women with infertility. It creates complications such as hemorrhage and uterine rupture. Historically, the gynecologic symptoms of endometriosis have been associated with economic strain and inferior quality of life. It is suspected that endometriosis diagnosis and treatment are affected by health disparities throughout gynecological care. The goal of this review was to collate and report the current evidence on potential healthcare disparities related to endometriosis diagnosis, treatment, and care across race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. This scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and searched the Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Medline Ovid, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases for relevant articles on the topic. Eligibility was establishe

Geogrid reinforcement of granular layers on soft clay: a study at model and full scale

The mechanisms by which a geogrid acts to reinforce a granular layer over a soft clay were investigated with reference to trafficking of unpaved roads. The research involved a programme of physical testing at both model and full scale. Model tests were carried out for monotonic and cyclic loading of a dual footing on to a layer of granular material that was compacted over a consolidated kaolin sample. The tests were made in conditions of plane strain at a quarter scale, and included a scaled geogrid at the base of the granular layer. Measurements of footing load, displacements and photographic observations through a perspex front face to the test box were used to identify the reinforcing actions of the geogrid. A virtual work procedure was adopted in analysis of the results for both unreinforced and reinforced layers. The procedure accounts for lateral restraint of the subgrade and a membrane action in the reinforced tests, and allows a comparison of the cyclic test results with an equivalent monotonic bearing capacity. Load tests were also made on footing plates at full scale, involving a similar arrangement of compacted granular layers over prepared London clay and including a high strength polymer geogrid. Examination of the test results allowed a qualitative assessment of the model performance and the reinforcing mechanisms attributed to the geogrid

Geogrid reinforcement of granular layers on soft clay

The mechanisms by which a geogrid acts to reinforce a granular layer over a soft clay were investigated with reference to trafficking of unpaved roads. The research involved a programme of physical testing at both model and full scale. Model tests were carried out for monotonic and cyclic loading of a dual footing on to a layer of granular material that was compacted over a consolidated kaolin sample. The tests were made in conditions of plane strain at a quarter scale, and included a scaled geogrid at the base of the granular layer. Measurements of footing load, displacements and photographic observations through a perspex front face to the test box were used to identify the reinforcing actions of the geogrid. A virtual work procedure was adopted in analysis of the results for both unreinforced and reinforced layers. The procedure accounts for lateral restraint of the subgrade and a membrane action in the reinforced tests, and allows a comparison of the cyclic test results with an equivalent monotonic bearing capacity. Load tests were also made on footing plates at full scale, involving a similar arrangement of compacted granular layers over a prepared London clay and including a high strength polymer geogrid. Examination of the test results allowed a qualitative assessment of the model performance and the reinforcing mechanisms attributed to the geogrid.</p

Internal erosion: critical hydraulic gradient in 1-D vertical seepage and its relation to soil gradation

A hydromechanical envelope that governs the onset of soil erosion by seepage-induced internal instability is examined with reference to theoretical and laboratory stress-gradient paths for one-dimensional upward and downward seepage flow. The method is validated from permeameter test results on glass ballotini. Using the theory, analysis of a database of 22 gradations establishes a semi-empirical relation between attributes of a grain size distribution curve and a stress-reduction factor governing potential for internal erosion. The semi-empirical relation provides a screening-tool for susceptibility of a soil to seepage-induced internal instability.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

The unified plot approach for assessing internal erosion : A case study of the Grundsjön dam sinkhole event

The unified plot approach combines two attributes of a filter gradation, namely its potential for internal instability and its capacity for soil retention. Comparison to the performance of 80 existing embankment dams that includes 23 dams which are reported to have experienced some form of internal erosion, these attributes of the filter have been found to correlate with deficiencies related to internal erosion. Thus, in engineering practice, the unified plot may serve as a screening tool for internal erosion susceptibility. The Grundsjön dam, located on the river Ljusnan in Sweden, suffered a sinkhole event in 1990, 18 years after commissioning. In depth examination of the damaged stretch of the dam conducted in 1990 to 1991 revealed that internal erosion had indeed occurred; signs e.g., cavities in the core and filter devoid of fines suggest the process had initiated and been allowed to continue to the point that a sinkhole formed on the crest. Analysis of 43 as-placed filter gradations extracted from the Grundsjön dam filter envelope indicates that the filter is potentially unstable, although, not excessively coarse in terms of base soil retention. These results, as seen separately, provide relatively little explanation as to why the filter ultimately was unable to arrest the internal erosion process. However, combined, in the framework of the unified plot, it is readily apparent that the Grundsjön dam filter gradations distribute where dams with probable occurrence of internal erosion characteristically plot. Thus, the unified plot provides a plausible explanation for the internal erosion process that occurred. Indeed, reverse engineering the potential internal instability of the coarse filter gradation indicates that once changed by suffusion due to internal instability it potentially becomes a filter permitting excessive erosion.Godkänd; 2015; 20141028 (hayrof

Geogrid reinforcement of granular layers on soft clay: a study at model and full scale

The mechanisms by which a geogrid acts to reinforce a granular layer over a soft clay were investigated with reference to trafficking of unpaved roads. The research involved a programme of physical testing at both model and full scale. Model tests were carried out for monotonic and cyclic loading of a dual footing on to a layer of granular material that was compacted over a consolidated kaolin sample. The tests were made in conditions of plane strain at a quarter scale, and included a scaled geogrid at the base of the granular layer. Measurements of footing load, displacements and photographic observations through a perspex front face to the test box were used to identify the reinforcing actions of the geogrid. A virtual work procedure was adopted in analysis of the results for both unreinforced and reinforced layers. The procedure accounts for lateral restraint of the subgrade and a membrane action in the reinforced tests, and allows a comparison of the cyclic test results with an equivalent monotonic bearing capacity. Load tests were also made on footing plates at full scale, involving a similar arrangement of compacted granular layers over prepared London clay and including a high strength polymer geogrid. Examination of the test results allowed a qualitative assessment of the model performance and the reinforcing mechanisms attributed to the geogrid

Closure to "Fabric and Effective Stress Distribution in Internally Unstable Soils" by T. Shire, C. O'Sullivan, K.J. Hanley and R.J. Fannin

No abstrac

Spatial and temporal progression of internal erosion in cohesionless soil

Artículo de publicación ISIPermeameter tests were performed on four widely graded cohesionless soils, to study their susceptibility to internal erosion. Test specimens were reconstituted as a saturated slurry, consolidated, and then subjected to multi-stage seepage flow under increasing hydraulic gradient. The occurrence of internal instability is described qualitatively, from visual observations through the wall of the permeameter during a test and from post-test observations; it is also described quantitatively, from change of hydraulic gradient within the specimen and from axial displacement during a test. The results provide a novel insight into the spatial and temporal progression of seepage-induced internal instability. This insight yields an improved characterization of suffusion and suffosion in cohesionless soils, the progression of which appears governed by a critical combination of hydraulic gradient and effective stress.British Columbia Hydroelectric Power Authorit