Changing roles of the state in the financialization of urban development through chengtou in China

While the enabling role of the state in the financialization of urban development has been widely noted, the changing and variegated roles of different state actors have been less explored. This paper investigates this issue based on chengtou as financial agencies in China. First, we show that financialization is not merely a state-led process, but that the state also restricted financialization at different stages. Second, albeit with stringent central regulations, local states have striven to support chengtou, which demonstrates intrastate divergence. Third, we illustrate the performance of local states across regions to show that financialization further differentiates the patterns of local financing

Transfer-free, lithography-free, and micrometer-precision patterning of CVD graphene on SiO2toward all-carbon electronics

A method of producing large area continuous graphene directly on SiO 2 by chemical vapor deposition is systematically developed. Cu thin film catalysts are sputtered onto the SiO 2 and pre-patterned. During graphene deposition, high temperature induces evaporation and balling of the Cu, and the graphene "lands onto" SiO 2 . Due to the high heating and growth rate, continuous graphene is largely completed before the Cu evaporation and balling. 60 nm is identified as the optimal thickness of the Cu for a successful graphene growth and μm-large feature size in the graphene. An all-carbon device is demonstrated based on this technique