Effects of fermented Broussonetia papyrifera on growth, intestinal antioxidant, inflammation and microbiota of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of fermented Broussonetia Papyrifera (FBP) on growth performance, intestinal antioxidant capacity, inflammation and microbiota of grass carp. Fish (initial weight: 50.0 ± 0.5 g) were fed diets with 0 (control diet), 5 % (FBP5), 10 % (FBP10), 15 % (FBP15) and 20 % (FBP20) of FBP supplementation respectively for 8 weeks. The results showed that FBP5 group significantly decreased FCR of grass carp (P < 0.05). Besides, FBP supplementation significantly decreased intestine Cu/Zn SOD activity (P < 0.05), as well as significantly elevated mRNA expression level of kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1) and depressed mRNA expression level of NF-E2-related factor 2 (nrf2), superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) and catalase (cat) (P < 0.05). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in the FBP20 group compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). The expression level of interleukin-8 (il-8) and interferon γ (ifnγ) downregulated with increased dietary FBP, and significant difference was found in FBP20 group (P < 0.05). In addition, when the supplementation of FBP was no more than 15 %, the abundance of Firmicutes and Fusobacteria increased significantly, while the abundance of Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria decreased significantly in intestine of grass carp (P < 0.05). Compared to the control diet, the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota of grass carp decreased significantly in FBP20 group (P < 0.05). According to the second order polynomial regression equation analysis of SGR and FCR, the optimal additional level of FBP was estimated to be 4.58 % and 5.28 %, respectively. The recommended maximum addition of FBP in diet of grass carp was up to 15 % according to the results of intestinal microbiota

Characterization of difference in muscle volatile compounds between triploid and diploid crucian carp

The present study was conducted to investigate the volatile compounds profile of raw muscle between diploid (2n = 100) and triploid crucian carp (produced by hybridization from mating diploid crucian carp to allotetraploid, 3n = 150) cultured under the same conditions. Volatile compounds of crucian carp between ploidy were qualitatively analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). A total of 52 volatiles were identified in the two groups of crucian carp including 5 alcohols, 5 aromatics, 8 aldehydes, 1 ketone, 10 alkanes, 19 alkenes and 4 esters. No significant difference was observed in the total relative concentration between the two groups (P > 0.05). Based on the data of odor-active value (OAV ≥ 1), 10 odor-active compounds may mainly contribute to the overall odor, including 1-nonanol, 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, decanal, octanal, 1-nonanal, p-cymene, styrene, limonene and tridecane. Triploid crucian carp had more odor-active compounds and higher total OAV value than that of diploid (P < 0.05). With the results of partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) in total volatiles and odor-active compounds, the overall odor of triploid and diploid crucian carp was obviously different