2,2-Dibromo-N-(4-fluoro­phen­yl)acetamide

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C8H6Br2FNO, C—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding results in six-membered rings and links the mol­ecules into chains running parallel to the c axis. The dihedral angle between the fluoro­phenyl ring and the acetamide group is 29.5 (5)°

Artificial diets affect glucose and lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory response in the muscle of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi)

Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) can adapt to artificial diets, with the improvement of domestication level. However, the effects of artificial diets on the muscle health of fish are unclear. In this study, 480 homogenous-sized mandarin fish (initial weight of 25.1 ± 0.1 g) were randomly divided into two groups and fed with artificial diets or live prey fish for eight weeks. The transcriptome sequencing analysis identified that artificial diets primarily affected glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and immune system in the muscle. Furthermore, artificial diets induced excessive glycogen accumulation in the muscle by increasing the mRNA expression of gluconeogenesis-related genes and decreasing the mRNA expression of glycolysis-related genes. Meanwhile, artificial diets significantly increased triglyceride accumulation in the muscle by upregulating the activity of fatty acid synthetase and the mRNA expression of lipid synthesis-related genes, including srebp1, fas, and plin2. Artificial diets significantly increased the level of malondialdehyde, leading to oxidative stress in the muscle. Besides, artificial diets also upregulated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammation cytokines, including il-1β, ifn-γ, and tnfα. In conclusion, artificial diets disrupted glucose and lipid metabolism and induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the muscle of mandarin fish

Impact of thermal processing on dietary flavonoids

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGFlavonoids are widely distributed in natural products and foods as a class of polyphenols. They processed diverse bioactivities, including anti-inflammation activity, antiaging activity, and antioxidant activity. The foods rich in flavonoids are usually consumed after thermal processing. However, flavonoids are commonly vulnerable under thermal processing, and it could cause various influences on their stability and bioactivities. Therefore, in this review, the effects of thermal processing on thermal stability and bioactivities of dietary flavonoids from different food sources were first summarized. The strategies to improve thermal stability of dietary flavonoids were then discussed. Noticeably, the effect of some of the promising thermal technologies on dietary flavonoids was also clarified preliminarily in the current review. The promising thermal technologies may be an alternative to conventional thermal processing technologies.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2020-030365-

Study on the electrical-thermal properties of lithium-ion battery materials in the NCM622/graphite system

The phenomenon of fire or even explosion caused by thermal runaway of lithium-ion power batteries poses a serious threat to the safety of electric vehicles. An in-depth study of the core-material thermal runaway reaction mechanism and reaction chain is a prerequisite for proposing a mechanism to prevent battery thermal runaway and enhance battery safety. In this study, based on a 24 Ah commercial Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2/graphite soft pack battery, the heat production characteristics of different state of charge (SOC) cathode and anode materials, the separator, the electrolyte, and their combinations of the battery were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the reaction between the negative electrode and the electrolyte is the main mode of heat accumulation in the early stage of thermal runaway, and when the heat accumulation causes the temperature to reach a certain critical value, the violent reaction between the positive electrode and the electrolyte is triggered. The extent and timing of the heat production behaviour of the battery host material is closely related to the SOC, and with limited electrolyte content, there is a competitive relationship between the positive and negative electrodes and the electrolyte reaction, leading to different SOC batteries exhibiting different heat production characteristics. In addition, the above findings are correlated with the battery failure mechanisms through heating experiments of the battery monomer. The study of the electro-thermal properties of the main materials in this paper provides a strategy for achieving early warning and suppression of thermal runaway in batteries

Analysis of coal permeability model and influencing parameters based on volume strain

To investigate the evolution of coal permeability during the process of gas pressure change, four different forms of permeability models were derived based on the correlation between mesoscale parameters of coal representative elementary volume (REV) and strain-related characteristics. The reliability of the models was verified using experimental data, and the variation law of strain caused by effective stress and adsorption strain was analyzed and compared with classical permeability models (P-M model, S-D model, Connell model). The sensitivity of model parameters was discussed, the relationship between REV mesoscale parameters and fracture porosity and permeability was clarified, and the influence mechanism of adsorption strain coefficient was analyzed. Furthermore, the extreme values of permeability of major coal mines in China were studied. Results show that for the four permeability models derived in this paper, the REV volume strain satisfies a linear relationship with its fracture volume strain, and the correlation coefficient is the initial fracture porosity. The bulk modulus and adsorption strain coefficient control the influence of effective stress and adsorption strain on permeability, respectively. Under three different experimental conditions of constant confining pressure, constant pore pressure, and constant differential pressure, the four permeability models have shown a better matching effect on the experimental data compared with the classical permeability models. However, compared with single-parameter fitting, the parameter error in the double-parameter fitting (bulk modulus and adsorption strain coefficient) is larger. From the sensitivity analysis of parameters, it is observed that when the parameters change within 10%, the predicted permeability deviates significantly from the true value. Therefore, for the double or multiple-parameter fitting of permeability models, the parameter fitting errors could lead to serious distortion of the predicted permeability results. Taking the experimental data of coal samples from the Qinshui Basin as an example, the mesoscopic scale parameters a0 and b0 of REV were calculated to range from 1.73 to 46.31 μm and from 0.06 to 0.49 μm, respectively. Under constant confining pressure and constant differential pressure conditions, the adsorption strain coefficient was related to differential pressure, gas types, and initial fracture porosity. Furthermore, the extreme values of CO2 gas and CH4 gas in major coal mines in China are within the ranges of 0.94−5.33 MPa and 1.06−6.94 MPa, respectively

Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Perillaldehyde against Penicillium citrinum, a Major Fungal Pathogen of Myrica rubra

Perillaldehyde is a green and safe natural antibacterial substance extracted from perilla leaves, which is also used as a food additive in food production. In this study, the inhibitory effect of perillaldehyde on Penicillium citrinum, a major pathogen of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra), was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), spore germination rate and mycelial growth inhibition assays, and the underlying mechanism was elucidated by studying the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure, cell membrane damage, membrane lipid peroxidation and changes in functional groups. The results showed that the MIC of perillaldehyde on P. citrinum was 120 μL/L. Mycelial growth was completely inhibited by treatment with 120 μL/L perillaldehyde, and the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. Compared with the untreated group, ergosterol, total lipid and chitin contents and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity decreased by 80.00%, 81.25%, 64.97% and 87.40% in P. citrinum treated with 90 μL/L perillaldehyde. The treatment with perillaldehyde damaged cell membrane permeability and affected the normal physiological function of the cell membrane. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was found showed that the broom-like conidial head of P. citrinum disappeared after perillaldehyde treatment, and the mycelia appeared to be broken and ablated. Moreover, the cell membrane was broken, intracellular contents leaked out, and the cells became shriveled. In addition, the amounts of leakage of soluble protein, soluble sugar and nucleic acid from P. citrinum treated with 120 μL/L perillaldehyde for 5 h increased by 71.20%, 210.93% and 117.31% compared with those before the treatment, which verified cell membrane damage. By using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, it was found that the contents of functional groups such as hydroxyl, methyl, aromatic carbon skeleton and benzene ring carbon skeleton in perillaldehyde treated P. citrinum decreased, and internal substances were gradually consumed. In summary, perillaldehyde showed a good antifungal activity on P. citrinum by destroying cell membrane structure, changing membrane permeability, interfering with energy metabolism and destroying protein and genetic material. Perillaldehyde has good research and development prospects as a natural preservative

Effects on Physicochemical and Dissolution Characteristics of Lentinus edodes Stem Powder by Jet Milling

In order to increase the utilization rate of shiitake mushroom by-products, the shiitake mushroom stem was crushed after superfine grinding with a jet mill, with coarse powder and 40 mesh powder as the control. The effect of jet milling on the physicochemical properties of shiitake mushroom stem powder and the dissolution amount of functional components represented by ergosterol and polysaccharides were studied. The cumulative dissolution rate of ergosterol and polysaccharides was fitted by the Weibull model. The results showed that after superfine grinding by jet milling, the average particle size (D50) of powder decreased to 3.21 μm, bulk density, tap density and L* value increased from 0.15 g/mL to 0.25 g/mL, 0.23 g/mL to 0.42 g/mL, 65.31 to 73.49, respectively. The superfine powder fluidity, water holding capacity and swelling capacity were significantly enhanced (P<0.05). The cumulative dissolution 50% of the time (T50) of ergosterol and polysaccharide in superfine powder was reduced by 2.56 min and 8.14 min, respectively, compared with coarse powder. And cumulative dissolution rate at 45 min (Q45) increased by 10.88% and 19.15%, respectively. The powder properties and the dissolution rate of the functional ingredients were improved, after the jet milling to treat the shiitake mushroom stem, which was conducive to the comprehensive utilization of shiitake mushroom by-products

Optimization of Preparation Process of Bayberry Soft Candy and Analysis of Its Hypoglycemic Function

In order to develop soft fruit candy products with hypoglycemic function, the preparation method was optimized by single-factor and response surface studies. The texture profile analysis and sensory score was regarded as the evaluation indices, while bayberry juice was used as the main raw material, carrageenan and gelatin as the gelling agent, and xylitol as the sweetener. Additionally, the hypoglycemic effect of bayberry soft candy extract was evaluated by in vitro study, and the components of bayberry juice was detected by using UPLC-MS/MS assay. Finally, the hypoglycemic components and related pathways of action were predicted by network pharmacology. The results showed that in the 100 mL bayberry soft candy gel solution system, the optimal formulation of bayberry soft candy obtained by response surface methodology was as follows: 89.37% bayberry juice for swelling and constant volume, with 9.90% gelatin, 1.41% carrageenan, and 30.86% xylitol addition. The sensory score of bayberry soft candy produced under this process was 87.30, which was close to the theoretical value. The in vitro hypoglycemic study showed that the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by 4 mg/mL of bayberry soft candy extract reached 98.58% and 86.89%, respectively. The network pharmacological analysis postulated that 3,5-diacetyltambrin (YM16), azaleatin (YM17) and raspberry ketone glucoside (YM1) were the key hypoglycemic components in bayberry juice, in addition, the human cancer pathway and PI3K-Akt pathway were important pathways of their action. The soft candy prepared under the optimal process condition showed good elasticity, fantastic taste and certain hypoglycemic effects. These results provide a certain theoretical basis for the development of fruit-flavored functional soft candy

Solar Ring Mission: Building a Panorama of the Sun and Inner-heliosphere

Solar Ring (SOR) is a proposed space science mission to monitor and study the Sun and inner heliosphere from a full 360{\deg} perspective in the ecliptic plane. It will deploy three 120{\deg}-separated spacecraft on the 1-AU orbit. The first spacecraft, S1, locates 30{\deg} upstream of the Earth, the second, S2, 90{\deg} downstream, and the third, S3, completes the configuration. This design with necessary science instruments, e.g., the Doppler-velocity and vector magnetic field imager, wide-angle coronagraph, and in-situ instruments, will allow us to establish many unprecedented capabilities: (1) provide simultaneous Doppler-velocity observations of the whole solar surface to understand the deep interior, (2) provide vector magnetograms of the whole photosphere - the inner boundary of the solar atmosphere and heliosphere, (3) provide the information of the whole lifetime evolution of solar featured structures, and (4) provide the whole view of solar transients and space weather in the inner heliosphere. With these capabilities, Solar Ring mission aims to address outstanding questions about the origin of solar cycle, the origin of solar eruptions and the origin of extreme space weather events. The successful accomplishment of the mission will construct a panorama of the Sun and inner-heliosphere, and therefore advance our understanding of the star and the space environment that holds our life.Comment: 41 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, to be published in Advances in Space Researc