Detecting genuine multipartite correlations in terms of the rank of coefficient matrix

We propose a method to detect genuine quantum correlation for arbitrary quantum state in terms of the rank of coefficient matrices associated with the pure state. We then derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a quantum state to possess genuine correlation, namely that all corresponding coefficient matrices have rank larger than one. We demonstrate an approach to decompose the genuine quantum correlated state with high rank coefficient matrix into the form of product states with no genuine quantum correlation for pure state.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure. Comments are welcom

Expected high energy emission from GRB 080319B and origins of the GeV emission of GRBs 080514B, 080916C and 081024B

We calculate the high energy (sub-GeV to TeV) prompt and afterglow emission of GRB 080319B that was distinguished by a naked-eye optical flash and by an unusual strong early X-ray afterglow. There are three possible sources for high energy emission: the prompt optical and $\gamma$-ray photons IC scattered by the accelerated electrons, the prompt photons IC scattered by the early external reverse-forward shock electrons, and the higher band of the synchrotron and the synchrotron self-Compton emission of the external shock. There should have been in total {hundreds} high energy photons detectable for the Large Area Telescope (LAT) onboard the Fermi satellite, and {tens} photons of those with energy $> 10$ GeV. The $> 10$ GeV emission had a duration about twice that of the soft $\gamma$-rays. AGILE could have observed these energetic signals if it was not occulted by the Earth at that moment. The physical origins of the high energy emission detected in GRB 080514B, GRB 080916C and GRB 081024B are also discussed. These observations seem to be consistent with the current high energy emission models.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, the interpretation of GRB 080916C has been extended, main conclusions are unchange

Numerical Study of Spacer Grid Geometry in a 5 X 5 Nuclear Fuel Rod Bundle

Reactor fuel rod bundles serve as the primary heat source in light water reactors (LWRs), commonly found in the aforementioned PWR plants. The fuel rod bundles’ structure consists of a collection of fuel rods put into a parallel grid configuration. The bundles also include fuel rod spacers, which hold the fuel rods in place, in accordance with the grid. Repeating structures of the fuel bundles create the meta-structure in the reactor. In other words, the grid configuration repeats until it fills the entire space of the reactor. This results in reactor fuel rods suspended in the working fluid domain, oriented parallel length-wise to the flow direction, by the spacer grids. The generated heat from the fission reactions within the fuel rod elements provide the primary heat source for the power cycle. As the working fluid, light water, in this case, flows through the reactor, the heat generated by the fuel rods’ fission reactions is transferred to the fluid, adding its potential to do work. Taking advantage buoyancy effects of the heated working fluid, reactors usually have the working fluid enter through the bottom, then pumped up vertically through the fuel rod bundles and spacers. Since the working fluid flows through a flow region inside the reactor, containing fuel rod elements and the spacer grids, the drag force caused by these obstacles requires extra pumping power to overcome. This need for extra pumping power lowers total thermal system efficiency. Fortunately, the spacers have extra geometries in the end called mixing vanes, which agitate the working fluid as it flows through the reactor, disturbing the hydraulic and thermal boundary layers. As these boundary layers are disturbed, heat transfer rate increases; which, in turn, increases the amount of energy added to the working fluid during the heat addition phase of the thermal power cycle, adding more potential to do work in the work output phase of the cycle. Focusing only on hydraulic performances, this study attempted to lower hydraulic pressure drop across the spacer grid by numerically simulating spacer grids with different changes to their geometries inside a flow field. Several geometrical variations were chosen due to their ease of manufacturing and minimal tooling changes required at the supplier level; these variations include spacer grid length, mixing vane angle, spacer grid entrance geometry, and mixing vane shape. This study used the sectional method proven by Conner et al. (2010) and Navarro et al. (2011), to establish its baseline. In order to save the limited resources in computational power, the results from Navarro et al. (2011) were first transferred from CFX to Fluent 18.2. This step required the numerical results from both software to be compared and benchmarked. Fluent’s segregated method of calculating velocity and pressure makes the calculations easier on the limited hardware. In addition, Fluent’s finite volume method with cell-centered scheme also allows solutions to more accurately reflect cases where unstructured meshes are used, such as this study. To justify the results, this study also introduced different fluid domain inlets, additional boundary layers, and finer mesh sizes than the previous studies that provided the baseline. Mesh independent study was done to find the correct mesh size for a good compromise between resolution and convergence time. The results show that an element count of 4.27 × 107 or greater yielded computational results independent from element counts. However, since going with a higher element count does not significantly lengthen the computational time, the highest element count 6.18 × 107 elements, along with its respective body-sizing, 3.0 × 10−4 m, were chosen. The resulting y+ values of this study was around 1.75, less than the value used by Navarro et al. (2011). The total pressure drop across the region of interest also closely replicated the previous results found by various studies. Lastly, the study compared results from each variation. Shortening the spacer grid length decreases the pressure drop across its span. However, with a 25% reduction in spacer grid length, the pressure drop only reduced by 10.2%. This implied that the reduction in spacer grid length does not scale in unity with the reduction in pressure drop. Fortunately, increasing mixing vane angle significantly increase the agitation of the boundary layers. Specifically, a 20% increase in the mixing vane angle resulted in a 15.6% increase in swirl-factor, with only around 9.28% increase in pressure drop. Meanwhile, adding a 45-degree chamfer to the entrance of the spacer grid, with depth that bisects its thickness, decreased the pressure drop by 47%, without adding significant manufacturing steps to the construction. Then, a curvature was added to the mixing vane’s profile to ease fluid flow’s transition back to the freestream. However, the curvature on the mixing vane had detrimental effects on the overall performance, increasing the pressure drop across the spacer by 31.3%, while decreasing swirl factor by 4.3%

Exploring the Influence of Ethical Norms on Organizaional Knowledge Management: An Ethical Climate Perspective

Since 1990, knowledge management has been developed and adopted as an essential strategy to foster the creation as well as utilization of organizational intellectual resources. Organizational intellectual capital is derived both individually and collectively from the process to create, store, share, acquire and apply the personal and organizational knowledge. Numerous studies have proposed that organizational culture is essential to support organizational knowledge management activities and effectiveness. However, many organizations put much emphasis on the individuals’ knowledge contribution and subsequent performance, neglecting the importance of brainstorming or contribution of knowledge sharing with others. In addition, some organizations only focus on the development of public goods, despite the concerns of individuals’ self-interest or possible risk. The only single aspect of individual or collective approach toward knowledge management will inevitably lead to the ethical conflicts in the organization. The purpose of this study intends to examine the ethical norms within an organization and its possible influence on the members’ evaluation, satisfaction, engagement, and job performance about the organizational knowledge management process. The research constructs are identified and measuring items will be developed on the basis of literature review. The method to carry out this study will utilize survey methodology. Meanwhile, statistical analysis will also be conducted to test our hypothesized relationships between constructs