Evaluating the protective effect of 6 weeks resistance training and vitamin D intake on brain neuro-inflammatory factors in female rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease and is associated with reduced physical capacity. The aim of this study was to examine the protective effect of a 6-week resistance training program and vitamin D intake on the brain neuro-inflammatory factors in female Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, four-week-old female Lewis rats (n=48) were randomly divided into 8 groups. Resistance training protocol was performed for 6 weeks and 5 days a week. A training program was started with a load equal to 50 of the body weight of the rat. Animals in the first two sessions performed 8 to 10 repetitions (climbing the ladder) at 2-minute breaks. The rats were immunized with the guinea pig's spit and complete adjuvant. The EAE model was induced at the end of the sixth week of the exercise. Rats received 5 μg of vitamin D3 in 150 μl of sesame oil per kilogram of their body weight via intraperitoneal injection once every two days for 2 weeks. Results: The results showed that six weeks of resistance training with vitamin D had no significant effect on granulocyte-monocyte growth factor, nuclear transcription factor kB and transforming growth factor beta (P>0.05). However, Interleukin-17 values showed a significant difference in all three levels of training (P=0.000), supplements (P=0.045), and interactive training and supplementation (P=0.043). Conclusion: The inadequacy of the training period (frequency and intensity of exercise) and the dose rate of vitamin D3 can be one of the possible causes of ineffectiveness of the present intervention

DIffusione e intrappolamento dell'idrogeno in acciai per condotte

DIffusione e intrappolamento dell'idrogeno in acciai per condotteG. Fumagalli, L. Lazzari, F. Bolzoni, G. Re, E. Fallahmohammad

Diffusion and Trapping of Hydrogen in Pipeline Steels

Diffusione e intrappolamento dell’idrogeno in acciai per condotteThe presence of hydrogen into steels is well known to be detrimental, in particular for ferritic steels: typical phenomena are stress corrosion cracking due to “hydrogen embrittlement” mechanism, worsening of mechanical properties (i.e. significant decrease of ductility and /or fracture strength), delayed fracture or irreversible damage (like blistering). The thesis deals with hydrogen diffusion of two pipeline steels, a carbon-manganese (API 5L X65) and a low alloyed (ASTM A182 F22), in three different metallurgical microstructures (quenched, quenched and tempered and annealed) and mechanical states (plastically deformed and under the fatigue loading), compared with those obtained on C-Mn steel not produced for sour service (API 5L grade B). Tests were carried out by electrochemical permeation techniques proposed by Devanathan and Stachurski with three different diffusion coefficient measurement methods: 1) standard ISO charge method; 2) partial charge/discharge method (after long polarisation); 3) discharge method. The charging method enabled to measure an apparent diffusion coefficient, influenced by both lattice diffusion and trapping. The diffusion coefficient obtained by partial charge/discharge and the first stage of complete discharge method was close to the one of pure iron, then it can be reasonably assumed to be the lattice diffusion coefficient of hydrogen, dependent only on the hydrogen migration processes in the crystal lattice regular sites. When the microstructure was modified by means of thermal treatment, the lowest diffusion coefficient was found for quenched, intermediate for quenched and tempered and the greatest one for annealed steel. The highest lattice hydrogen concentration belongs to the martensitic steel. Since the transport phenomena are hindered in martensitic steel, the hydrogen concentration can be locally increased thus rendering the steel more susceptible to cracking. However, the cracking susceptibility and related consequences cannot be easily interpreted by diffusivity of hydrogen alone. D lattice was reduced in plastically deformed steel, and this effect was more evident with increasing level of plastic strain. The binding energy of reversible traps obtained by fitting procedure based upon the McNabb and Foster and Oriani`s models was very similar (-34.4 ± 2.0 kJ/mole) and can be associated with dislocation or grain boundariesDIPARTIMENTO DI CHIMICA, MATERIALI E INGEGNERIA CHIMICA GIULIO NATTA26LAZZARI, LUCIANOCASTIGLIONI, CHIAR

Evaluating the protective effect of 6 weeks resistance training and vitamin D intake on brain neuro-inflammatory factors in female rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease and is associated with reduced physical capacity. The aim of this study was to examine the protective effect of a 6-week resistance training program and vitamin D intake on the brain neuro-inflammatory factors in female Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, four-week-old female Lewis rats (n=48) were randomly divided into 8 groups. Resistance training protocol was performed for 6 weeks and 5 days a week. A training program was started with a load equal to 50% of the body weight of the rat. Animals in the first two sessions performed 8 to 10 repetitions (climbing the ladder) at 2-minute breaks. The rats were immunized with the guinea pig's spit and complete adjuvant. The EAE model was induced at the end of the sixth week of the exercise. Rats received 5 μg of vitamin D3 in 150 μl of sesame oil per kilogram of their body weight via intraperitoneal injection once every two days for 2 weeks. Results: The results showed that six weeks of resistance training with vitamin D had no significant effect on granulocyte-monocyte growth factor, nuclear transcription factor kB and transforming growth factor beta (P>0.05). However, Interleukin-17 values showed a significant difference in all three levels of training (P=0.000), supplements (P=0.045), and interactive training and supplementation (P=0.043). Conclusion: The inadequacy of the training period (frequency and intensity of exercise) and the dose rate of vitamin D3 can be one of the possible causes of ineffectiveness of the present intervention

Measurement of lattice and apparent diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in X65 and F22 pipeline steels

The permeation through and desorption of hydrogen from cathodically charged microalloyed API 5L X65 and low alloy ASTM A182 F22 steels were investigated with the aim to analyse the trapping parameters by means of the electrochemical method developed by Devanathan and Stachurski. The lattice diffusivity of hydrogen as well as the amounts and distribution of the diffusible and trapped hydrogen were found by means of partial permeation transient

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Rhythmic Movement Training on the Improvement of Sensory-Motor Performance and Quality of Life in Patients with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Introduction: Spinal cord injury can influence the quantitative and qualitative parameters of movement and quality of life. Objective: The present research was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of rhythmic movement training on the improvement of sensory-motor performance and quality of life in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Method: The current research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury who were members of the Association of Spinal Cord Injury in Tehran in 2023. Thirty patients were selected voluntarily and were evaluated after rhythmic movement training for twelve 60-minute sessions, 3 sessions per week, using black-box tests, gross motor skills, two-point discrimination, and health and quality of life assessment questionnaires. The results were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and SPSS statistical software version 22. Results: The obtained F value indicated that rhythmic movement training significantly affected the improvement of sensory-motor skills, including (sensory skills, gross motor skills, fine motor skills) and quality of life dimensions (physical independence, movement control, mental independence and communication, social behavior, emotional stability, and dynamic range) in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.01). Conclusion: Movement training establishes good opportunities to actively absorb different sensory inputs from the environment. Such targeted training can in fact affect the improvement of sensory-motor performance and quality of life in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury

The effect of regular interval training on histochemical symptoms and cytokine and neurotrophic levels of brain tissue of the Lewis rats in experimental model of multiple sclerosis

Background: Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory and chronic disease of the central nervous system. Regarding the possible effects of exercise in preventing this disease, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training on TNF-α, IL-10 and BDNF levels in rat brain tissue of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 25 Lewis female rats, 6 weeks old, were randomly divided into 5 groups. Interval training was performed for 6 weeks and 5 days a week. An interval training program was conducted in the second week and during 6 weeks of training in each session including 10 repetitions of 1 minute. The EAE model was induced at the end of the sixth week of exercise. TNF-α, BDNF and IL-10 were measured in the brain tissue. Results: The results of coloring showed that the amount of inflammation of the nerve tissue decreased in the interval training groups. Interval training in Lewis female rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis showed a significant decrease in TNF-α (P=0.001), but did not significantly change the IL-10 (P=0.07) and BDNF (P=0.54) levels. In addition, trained rats showed delayed clinical symptoms. Conclusions: It seems that interval exercises with the duration and severity of the present study protocol may delay the incidence and severity of clinical symptoms and thus increase cellular protection in Lewis rats against the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis