Cognitive functions in first degree normative relative of patients with schozophrenia

Background: Schizophrenia is severe disorders and imposes a considerable burden on patients, their families and society. Schizophrenia tends to run in family, like most mental disorder shows complex inheritance. Therefore, it is important to increase our knowledge about the disorder. Cognitive dysfunction is one of the core features of Schizophrenia. This study aims to compare the cognitive function of first degree unaffected relative of patient of schizophrenia and a group of healthy control.Methods: The study include 48 first degree normative relative of patient with Schizophrenia and 48 controls. Compared for age, sex, education level. Cognitive functions of each case and control were assessed using TMT (Trail making Test), Paced auditory serial addition Test (PASAT) and Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST-64).Results: First degree relative performed significantly poorly as compared to controls on Wisconsin card sorting Test-64 (WCST-64). No significant difference was observed in tests performances between first degree relative of Schizophrenia and control group for TMT (trail making test) and Paced auditory serial addition Test (PASAT).Conclusions: The study shows possibility of cognitive impairment in first degree normative relative of Schizophrenia with regards to parameters like poor performance in shifting cognitive sets and poor understanding of test. Nevertheless, it is not clear weather this finding is an enduring trait mark or finding that fluctuates with sample size, nature of case and control

Psychological and behavioral assessment in children with treated hypothyroidism using developmental psychopathology checklist scale

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess psychological and behavioral problems in treated hypothyroid children with euthyroid status, with the help of developmental psychopathology checklist (DPCL). Materials and Methods: This was an observational comparative study done in pediatric endocrinology clinic in a medical college over 6 months. 20 consecutive hypothyroid patients between 5 and 15 years with euthyroid status were compared to 20 controls for psychosocial problems using DPCL scale. The DPCL scale identifies the following clusters of abnormal developmental history, developmental problems/disorders, emotional disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity, childhood psychosis, learning disorder, somatic problems, conduct disorder, autism, and obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Results: All cases had at least 1 cluster affected. The most common clusters affected were emotional disorders in 85% cases, abnormal developmental history in 80%, developmental problems in 75%, attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) in 70% cases, and learning disorders in 70% cases. Among males, the common problems were abnormal developmental history (86%), developmental problems (86%), ADHD (86%), emotional disorder (86%), and learning disorder (71.43%). In females, problems noted were an emotional disorder (84%), abnormal developmental history (86%), developmental problems (69%), learning disorder (69%), and ADHD (61%). This difference in cluster affection in males and females was not statistically significant. Single domain affection was found in 10% of patients, but more than 5 domain affections were seen in 60% of patients, and this was highly significant. Conclusion: Even with the euthyroid state in hypothyroidism, psycho-behavioral problems are common in children

A prospective observational study of foetal outcome in twin pregnancy delivering at a tertiary health care center of South Gujarat

Background: Worldwide increased incidence of twin gestation. The rates of twin gestation have a direct effect on the rates of preterm birth and its co-morbidities. Importantly, this increased risk applies to each fetus and is not simply the result of more foetuses.Methods: This prospective study was carried out in department of obstetrics and gynaecology. 100 consecutive subjects fulfilling inclusion criteria   admitted to labour room and obstetrics intensive care enrolled over a period of around 1 year.Results: In this study twin delivery accounted for 1.3% of all delivery at our institute. On analysing neonatal morbidities Prematurity was commonest 65%, VLBW (23% first twin, 30% second twin), RDS (9% first twin, 13% second twin), birth asphyxia (7% first twin, 12% second twin), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (7% first twin, 8% second twin). 34% of first twin and 40% of second twin required NICU admission. Early neonatal death observed in 6% of first twin and 8% of second twin. It was observed that proportion of neonatal complications was more in MCDA as compared to DCDA and in un-booked subjects as compared to booked subjects. This difference is statistically significant among both twin (p value<0.05).Conclusions: Twin pregnancy is associated with high perinatal morbidity. Specialized obstetrics and Intensive Neonatal care can decrease neonatal morbidity and mortality in twin gestation. We need to be extra vigilant in monochorionic twins and twin pregnancy with inadequate antenatal care

A REVIEW ON A FLASH CHROMATOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT Flash chromatography is rapid form of preparative column chromatography-preparative liquid chromatography based upon an air pressure driven hybrid of medium and short column chromatography optimized for rapid separation of organic compounds. As technology has evolved available guidelines for normal-phase flash chromatography have become less relevant. Years of experience performing chromatography with disposable columns have been condensed into simple guidelines useful for translating TLC results into either isocratic-or gradient-flash chromatography. The described studies should provide researchers with a means of selecting adequate columns and guidelines to reduce the waste of solvents, silica, time, and money. Modern flash chromatography systems are sold as pre-packed plastic cartridges and the solvent is pumped through the cartridge. These systems may also be linked with detectors and fraction collectors providing automation. The introduction of gradient pumps has resulted in quicker separations and less solvent usage