Synergist efficacy of piperonyl butoxide with deltamethrin as pyrethroid insecticide on culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) and other mosquitoe species

Continuous and indiscriminate use of pesticides, especially in tropical countries for public health or agriculture purpose, has led many vector populations to become resistant to organochlorides, organophosphates, and even to carbamates and pyrethroids. Development of resistance by a vector population has been one of the reasons for the failure of the control measures in many countries. This investigation demonstrates the efficacy of piperonyl-butoxide (PBO) with deltamethrin, as pyrethroid insecticide, against the field-collected mosquitoe larvae of five species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles culicifacies, An. stephensi, An. vagus, and Culex quinqufasciatus, and two morphological variants of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (type A from grand pools of Mysore city and type B from rice fields of Mandya district). For testing the synergistic effect of 13130, stock solutions of deltamethrin and PBO were mixed in 1:6 ratio. The synergistic ratio and the percent suppression in deltamethrin tolerance were calculated by using LC50 values. From the results, it is clear that, PBO is an effective synergist with deltamethrin against all of species undertaken in this investigation. So, it is suggested that PBO is a good synergist in this area for decreasing the use of pesticides in environment in vector control. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 19 24, 2009

Antioxidants and clinical outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review of observational and interventional studies

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Oxidative stress appears to be a prominent contributor to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review of human observational and interventional studies to investigate the role of some antioxidants such as vitamins A, E, D, and C, selenium, zinc, and α-lipoic acid in the main clinical outcomes of subjects with COVID-19. Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline were searched using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and non-MeSH terms without restrictions. Finally, 36 studies for vitamins C and D, selenium, and zinc were included in this systematic review; however, no eligible studies were found for vitamins A and E as well as α-lipoic acid. The results showed the promising role of vitamin C in inflammation, Horowitz index, and mortality; vitamin D in disease manifestations and severity, inflammatory markers, lung involvement, ventilation requirement, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality; selenium in cure rate and mortality; and zinc in ventilation requirement, hospitalization, ICU admission, biomarkers of inflammation and bacterial infection, and disease complications. In conclusion, it seems that antioxidants, especially vitamins C and D, selenium, and zinc, can improve multiple COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, more studies are necessary to affirm these results

Molecular detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus in tick species collected from livestock in Marvdasht, Fars province during 2012-2013

Background & aim: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially lethal systemic viral disease in human beings, which is transmitted by tick bites. In nature, the triggering virus is found in vertical and horizontal cycles between the tick vectors and different species of domestic and wild vertebrates which are circulated and maintained. The purpose of this study was to determine the viral infection were collected from livestock ticks in the Marvdasht, Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, samples were randomly selected from 6 villages near marvdasht. A total of two hundred ticks (hard and soft) from sheep, goats and cattle were collected and the related information was recorded. Ticks were sent to the laboratory under appropriate conditions of humidity and temperature. They were identified to species level using valid entomological keys. The identified ticks were transferred to the National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses. The Ticks infections were analyzed by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to detect CCHF virus genome. Results: The results indicated that viral genotypes were present in at least 9 samples (4.5%) of the studied tick population. The infected ticks belonged to Hyalomma marginatum‚ Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Conclusion: Due to confirming the cycle of the virus, it can be mentioned that CCHF has recently emerged as an important public health problem in this region and systematic performance monitoring and control programs to reduce the livestock population, distribution, inform and educate high-risk occupations of vectors is required