9-Anthraldehyde oxime: a synthetic tool for variable applications

Oximes are one of the most important and prolifc functional groups in organic chemistry; among them, 9-anthraldehyde oxime represents a valuable example both from the preparative side and the synthetic applications. There are many strategies to prepare 9-anthraldehyde oxime from diferent functional groups that were summarized in the present review, focusing on the most recent and innovative. The main synthetic applications of 9-anthraldehyde oxime are presented and thoroughly discussed, focusing on the most recent and innovative synthetic strategies

Bioactive Constituents from the Traditional Kurdish plant Iris persica

In the first phytochemical investigation of non-volatile secondary metabolites from the Kurdish traditional plant Iris persica L, (-)-embinin was isolated from flowers and leaves, isovitexin from flowers, trans-resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from rhizomes and tectorigenin from bulbs. The complete NMR spectra of embinin are reported for the first time. In an MTT assay, embinin showed an inhibition activity higher than the well-known antitumor drug cisplatin against five of the six tested human tumor cells. Moreover, embinin showed a significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 value of 112.16) comparable to the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid. The remarkable biological activities exhibited by the extracts of Iris persica and isolated compounds have validated the uses of I. persica in the traditional medicine of Kurdistan

Structures and Bioactivities of Steroidal Saponins Isolated from the Genera Dracaena and Sansevieria

The species Dracaena and Sansevieria, that are well-known for different uses in traditional medicines and as indoor ornamental plants with air purifying property, are rich sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. In fact, a wide variety of phytochemical constituents have been isolated so far from about seventeen species. This paper has reviewed the literature of about 180 steroidal saponins, isolated from Dracaena and Sansevieria species, as a basis for further studies. Saponins are among the most characteristic metabolites isolated from the two genera. They show a great variety in structural motifs and a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative effects and, in most case, remarkable cytotoxic propertie

Prangos platychlaena: State of the Art from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Perspective

The Mediterranean region is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals contained in plants and the secret of longevity. Mediterranean region represents an intangible cultural heritage of humanity and it is partially still based upon many wild plants. The use of wild plants possibly emerged in the Neolithic period in the Fertile Crescent and migrated westwards through the Mediterranean area. The genus of Prangos has 30 species distributed from the Mediterranean to central Asia, 14 of them are found in Turkey while 7 of them are found in the different areas of the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Prangos platychlaena Boiss. (family: Apiaceae) abundantly found in the mountains of Halgurd. P. platychlaena has been reported as potent antioxidant plant, and traditionally used as carminative, and diuretic. Prangos also traditionally used in the treatment of burning and wounds, kidney, and urinary disorders. P. platychlaena have been reported to cause toxicological effects in animals, and shows potential cytotoxic activities in in-vitro studies. The current review has covered comprehensively habitats, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, toxicological and pharmacological actions of P. platychlaena

Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Iris Species Growing in Iraqi Kurdistan and Phenolic Constituents of the Traditional Plant Iris postii

A dozen Iris species (Iridaceae) are considered traditional remedies in Kurdistan, especially for treating inflammations. Phytochemical studies are still scarce. The information reported in the literature about Iris species growing in Kurdistan has been summarized in the first part of this paper, although, except for Iris persica, investigations have been performed on vegetal samples collected in countries different from Kurdistan. In the second part of the work, we have investigated, for the first time, the contents of the methanolic extracts of Iris postii aerial parts and rhizomes that were collected in Kurdistan. Both extracts exhibited a significant dose-dependent free radical scavenging and total antioxidant activities, comparable to those of ascorbic acid. Medium-pressure liquid chromatographic separations of the two extracts afforded l-tryptophan, androsin, isovitexin, swertisin, and 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl swertisin from the aerial parts, whereas ε-viniferin, trans-resveratrol 3,4′-O-di-β-d-glucopyranoside, and isotectorigenin were isolated from the rhizomes. This is the first finding of the last three metabolites from an Iris species. The various remarkable biological activities of isolated compounds scientifically sustain the traditional use of I. postii as a medicinal plant

Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C): applications in chromatography and organic synthesis

The aim of this review is to point out the attention of the reader to the use of DEAE-C in organic reactions, possibly not only devoted to the preparation of heterocycles but potentially extending to other classes of organic compounds. Being DEAE-C an ammonium salt commonly used in chromatographic applications, it can be considered as a potential mild acid catalyst or a proton donor and these features can in theory catalyze standard acid-catalyzed organic reactions. In addition, the resin nature of DEAE-C could suggest the way to perform organic reactions in the solid stat

Isolation of Kaempferol 3-O-Rutinoside from Kurdish Plant Anchusa Italica Retz. and Bioactivity of Some Extracts

Anchusa italica Retz. is naturally grown in Iraqi Kurdistan Region, and it belongs to the Boraginaceae family. From a phytochemical point of view, the species A. italica has been almost neglected so far but it is worth studying. In this study, the flavonoids were extracted from aerial parts of the plant using ethyl acetate, amyl alcohol, and n-butanol after defatting the plant by n-hexane and removing the pigments by chloroform. The residue obtained from evaporation of ethyl acetate extract was separated by reversed phase Medium Performance Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) to give a polar flavonoid. Standard UV experiments allowed for the identification of the aglycone moiety substituted pattern, while the sugar components and the interglycoside linkage was identified by different NMR spectra. The compound was eventually identified as kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside. The other aim of this investigation is to study the antimicrobial activity for some extracts of the plant. It consists of two parts; the first part was antibacterial activity using four different bacteria (E. coli, Staph. aureus, Bacillus sp. and Pseudo. aeruginosa) via agar diffusion disc method, while the second part includes antifungal activity using two different fungi (Pencillium puberulum and Aspergillus flavus). This study showed that Anchusa italica is a good antibacterial plant especially aqueous and ethanolic extracts, at which the inhibition zone reaches (13 mm), while the aqueous extract was more effective compared with the ethanol extract for antifungal

Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Bis-(Dihydropyrimidinones5-Carboxamide) by Using Ultrasonic Irradiation

This investigation involves synthesis of two new series of bis-dihydropyrimidinone-5- carboxamides (4 a-k) and (5 a-k) from reaction of 6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonyl chloride and its derivatives (3 a, b) with different diamines using ultrasonic irradiation. Compounds (3a, b) were synthesized from chlorination of 6-methyl-2-oxo-4- phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid and its derivatives (2a,b) which were prepared from hydrolysis of ethyl-6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimi-dine-5-carbo-xylate and its derivatives (1a, b) which was synthesized by one-pot Biginelli condensation. The synthesized products were characterized by physico-chemical methods such as elemental analysis (CHNS-O), FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The prepared compounds were showed biological activity against two types of bacterial Escherichia coli Gram-negative bacteria (G -ve) and Staphylococcus aureas Gram-positive bacteria (G +ve)

Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Some New N-(Substituted Carboxylic Acid-2-yl)-6-Methyl-4-Substituted Phenyl-3, 4-Dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-One Carboxamides

In this work, the starting material 6-methyl-4- substituted phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-(1H)-one-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (3a,b) have been prepared from the condensation of benzaldehyde (or anisaldehyde), urea and ethyl acetoacetate, in presence of an acid in ethanol under sonication, then hydrolysed to the corresponding acids (4a,b) which were chlorinated with SOCl2 to produce 6-methyl4-substituted phenyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidine-2-(1H)-one-carbonyl chloride (5a,b). The compounds (5a,b) then subjected to react with different amino acids in the presence of LaCl3.7H2O as a catalyst using a green method (ultrasound assisted technique) to give a new series of N-(Substituted carboxylic acid-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-substituted phenyl-3,4- dihydropyrimidine-2-(1H)-one-5-carboxamide (6a-e and 7a-h). The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analysis