Pour un récepteur hautement résolu…

Assister à une oeuvre de Robert Wilson suppose de la part du spectateur une certaine forme de renonciation à sa façon habituelle d’aborder la création artistique. À travers un style poétique privilégiant le formalisme et la mise en évidence d’une « surface simple », l’auteur construit son système avec des éléments métacommunicationnels (titre, structure, relations son/image et texte/image). Si cette approche est bien celle des premières oeuvres vidéo de Wilson, ce texte entend démontrer qu’avec La Mort de Molière, on assiste à un changement apparent de stratégie. Grâce notamment à l’utilisation d’un texte dit en voix hors champ, en ajout aux autres éléments formels, une dislocation se produit en ce qui a trait à notre réception. Une lutte s’installe entre les deux hémisphères cérébraux qui possèdent des fonctions de perception complémentaires. Pour dénouer l’impasse et obtenir la haute définition souhaitée, plus d’une lecture de l’oeuvre sera nécessaire.The spectator of a Robert Wilson work must renounce his traditionnal way of receiving and abandon himself to an abstract and non-objective universe. Even if Wilson operates through a poetical style and requires freedom from imposed interpretations, he usually sets up a simple formal surface in which the spectator penetrates through different ways. To maximize the contact, the artist uses metacommunicationnal elements and formal patterns (title, structural construction, sound/image relations, text/image relations), which define new languages and new ways of considering the art form. If this approach of a simple surface suits perfectly prior existing videos, La Mort de Molière presents some radical changes. The inclusion of textual elements given by voiceovers creates, for example, a density of messages changing the simple surface into a complex one. A change which asks its viewer to adjust his ways of thinking and of perceiving. He has to encompass complexity. In fact, to obtain such an understanding of the work, more than one viewing is required, something that the medium itself permits

La conception du processus d'observation scientifique chez des enseignantes du primaire

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 201

Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT) between Archaea and Escherichia coli is a contributor to the emergence of novel infectious disease

BACKGROUND: Lateral gene transfer is the major mechanism for acquisition of new virulence genes in pathogens. Recent whole genome analyses have suggested massive gene transfer between widely divergent organisms. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Archeal-like genes acting as virulence genes are present in several pathogens and genomes contain a number of archaeal-like genes of unknown function. Archaea, by virtue of their very different evolutionary history and different environment, provide a pool of potential virulence genes to bacterial pathogens. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS: We can test this hypothesis by 1)identifying genes likely to have been transferred (directly or indirectly) to E. coli O157:H7 from archaea; 2)investigating the distribution of similar genes in pathogens and non-pathogens and 3)performing rigorous phylogenetic analyses on putative transfers. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Although this hypothesis focuses on archaea and E. coli, it will serve as a model having broad applicability to a number of pathogenic systems. Since no archaea are known vertebrate pathogens, archaeal-like transferred genes that are associated with virulence in bacteria represent a clear model for the emergence of virulence genes

Interactions between social learning and technological learning in electric vehicle futures

The transition to electric vehicles is an important strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars. Modelling transition pathways helps identify critical drivers and uncertainties. Global integrated assessment models (IAMs) have been used extensively to analyse climate mitigation policy. IAMs emphasise technological change processes but are largely silent on important social and behavioural dimensions to technological transitions. Here, we develop a novel conceptual framing and empirical evidence base on social learning processes relevant for vehicle adoption. We then implement this formulation of social learning in IMAGE, a widely-used global IAM. We apply this new modelling approach to analyse how technological learning and social learning interact to influence electric vehicle transition dynamics. We find that technological learning and social learning processes can be mutually reinforcing. Increased electric vehicle market shares can induce technological learning which reduces technology costs while social learning stimulates diffusion from early adopters to more risk-averse adopter groups. In this way, both types of learning process interact to stimulate each other. In the absence of social learning, however, the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption among later adopting groups remains prohibitively high. In the absence of technological learning, electric vehicles remain relatively expensive and therefore only for early adopters an attractive choice. This first-of-its-kind model formulation of both social and technological learning is a significant contribution to improving the behavioural realism of global IAMs. Applying this new modelling approach emphasises the importance of market heterogeneity, real-world consumer decision-making, and social dynamics as well as technology parameters, to understand climate mitigation potentials

Discovery of catalases in members of the Chlamydiales order.

Catalase is an important virulence factor for survival in macrophages and other phagocytic cells. In Chlamydiaceae, no catalase had been described so far. With the sequencing and annotation of the full genomes of Chlamydia-related bacteria, the presence of different catalase-encoding genes has been documented. However, their distribution in the Chlamydiales order and the functionality of these catalases remain unknown. Phylogeny of chlamydial catalases was inferred using MrBayes, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony algorithms, allowing the description of three clade 3 and two clade 2 catalases. Only monofunctional catalases were found (no catalase-peroxidase or Mn-catalase). All presented a conserved catalytic domain and tertiary structure. Enzymatic activity of cloned chlamydial catalases was assessed by measuring hydrogen peroxide degradation. The catalases are enzymatically active with different efficiencies. The catalase of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is the least efficient of all (its catalytic activity was 2 logs lower than that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we hypothesize that an ancestral class 2 catalase probably was present in the common ancestor of all current Chlamydiales but was retained only in Criblamydia sequanensis and Neochlamydia hartmannellae. The catalases of class 3, present in Estrella lausannensis and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, probably were acquired by lateral gene transfer from Rhizobiales, whereas for Waddlia chondrophila they likely originated from Legionellales or Actinomycetales. The acquisition of catalases on several occasions in the Chlamydiales suggests the importance of this enzyme for the bacteria in their host environment

Size Doesn't Matter: Towards a More Inclusive Philosophy of Biology

notes: As the primary author, O’Malley drafted the paper, and gathered and analysed data (scientific papers and talks). Conceptual analysis was conducted by both authors.publication-status: Publishedtypes: ArticlePhilosophers of biology, along with everyone else, generally perceive life to fall into two broad categories, the microbes and macrobes, and then pay most of their attention to the latter. ‘Macrobe’ is the word we propose for larger life forms, and we use it as part of an argument for microbial equality. We suggest that taking more notice of microbes – the dominant life form on the planet, both now and throughout evolutionary history – will transform some of the philosophy of biology’s standard ideas on ontology, evolution, taxonomy and biodiversity. We set out a number of recent developments in microbiology – including biofilm formation, chemotaxis, quorum sensing and gene transfer – that highlight microbial capacities for cooperation and communication and break down conventional thinking that microbes are solely or primarily single-celled organisms. These insights also bring new perspectives to the levels of selection debate, as well as to discussions of the evolution and nature of multicellularity, and to neo-Darwinian understandings of evolutionary mechanisms. We show how these revisions lead to further complications for microbial classification and the philosophies of systematics and biodiversity. Incorporating microbial insights into the philosophy of biology will challenge many of its assumptions, but also give greater scope and depth to its investigations

De l'utilisation de la vidéo au théâtre : une approche médiologique :plus de 35 ans d'expériences vidéoscéniques québécoises

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2008-2009Théorie de la pratique - pratique de la théorie, cette thèse oscille entre ces deux pôles en dégageant différentes avenues d'utilisation de l'image animée (vidéo) au théâtre, d'où le terme vidéoscénique. Le théâtre des dernières années s'est beaucoup tourné vers les nouvelles technologies, particulièrement vers ces médias de l'image et du son, afin de renouveler à la fois le langage dramatique et scénique. Peu d'ouvrages ont été consacrés aux diverses relations entre cet art de présence qu'est le théâtre et cet art de la reproduction visuelle qu'est la vidéo. Pour arriver à bien circonscrire cette rencontre intermédiatique, beaucoup d'approches sont possibles et cette thèse prend le parti pris d'une approche médiologique afin de globaliser l'impact d'un média autonome sur un autre. Selon Régis Debray, ± Une médiologie n'a pas pour finalité la délivrance d'un message. Elle se contente d'étudier les procédés par lesquels un message s'expédie, circule et trouve preneur ¿.1 Il est donc question d'observer comment la vidéoscénique se manifeste techniquement puis comment elle s'inscrit dans l'espace et dans le temps. En prenant appui sur un modèle de communication développé par Maletzke, il s'agit ensuite d'examiner et de saisir les objectifs des créateurs qui ont recours à un pareil média et finalement prendre en considération les incidences systémiques inhérentes à la réception de cette médiation. Dans un premier temps, une mise en contexte des usages vidéoscéniques s'impose et le champ d'études, même s'il s'agit d'une théorie générale de la pratique, examine essentiellement la production théâtrale québécoise répartie sur trente-cinq années (1967-2002)