Factors influencing development of management strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon. I: Spatial variation and land use

Surface water bodies are progressively subject to increasing stress as a result of environmentally degrading processes primarily related to anthropogenic activities. This study assesses and examines the impact of land use and anthropogenic activities on the spatial variation in water quality of the Abou Ali River in North Lebanon. It is the first detailed study of its kind in Lebanon and adds to the existing Knowledge by shedding light on a relatively small Mediterranean river in a developing country where there is a paucity of such studies. The assessment was conducted at the end of the dry season in 2002 and 2003 and the end of the wet season in 2003 and 2004. The study has demonstrated the importance of anthropogenic influences on the water quality of the Abou Ali River Basin, as concentrations of most contaminants were higher at locations with greatest human activity. The most adversely affected area was the section of the river that flows through an entirely urbanized and highly populated region, the Tripoli conurbation. Upstream rural sites were enriched by contaminants primarily from non-point sources such as agricultural runoff and poultry litter whereas contaminant concentrations at the urban sites were enriched by a combination of sewage discharge and flow of contaminants from upstream. If the Abou Ali River is to be utilized as a managed water resource and its water quality sustained, point source discharges will require treatment and land use management must be planned to minimize the impact of diffuse source pollution on the river. A high priority should be given to the implementation and enforcement of the precautionary and polluter pays principles. Moreover, an effective legal, economic and institutional framework is required to encourage investment in waste reduction and control and to introduce environmentally sound practices

RAM-Efficient External Memory Sorting

In recent years a large number of problems have been considered in external memory models of computation, where the complexity measure is the number of blocks of data that are moved between slow external memory and fast internal memory (also called I/Os). In practice, however, internal memory time often dominates the total running time once I/O-efficiency has been obtained. In this paper we study algorithms for fundamental problems that are simultaneously I/O-efficient and internal memory efficient in the RAM model of computation.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of ISAAC 2013, getting the Best Paper Awar

Individuals with Mental Retardation and the Transition to Independent Living

Mentally retarded individuals face many challenges when transitioning into the community. Among these are difficulties in transitional living skills. Currently there is very little research on community programming for individuals with mental retardation. In this study a survey questionnaire assessed the transitional practices of occupational therapy personnel in New York State and discovered what elements were most commonly included among transitional living skills. Respondents also rated these elements as important or unimportant

ANALISIS TAYANGAN FILM UPIN-IPIN DI MNCTV DALAM MERUBAH PERILAKU ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 07 BERMANI ILIR

The development of technology that continues to evolve to encourage creativity to continue to be present until the presence of cartoon films that air in mass media such as television. Cartoons like Upin-Ipin are shown on television with the aim of a children's audience. The storyline and scenes in the Upin-Ipin cartoon movie need to be a concern because children easily understand what they see and hear so that they do not close off watching children who need help changing policies. This study uses descriptive qualitative research that addresses the phenomena discussed in the field. Data collection techniques by interview, observation and documentation. In analyzing data, researchers use theories that uses and gratification whereby media consumers have the freedom to decide how (through which media) they use the media and how the media will impact on him.The results of a study stating the desire of SDN 07 Bermani Ilir grade 2 children to watch upin and ipin shows were highly welcomed, they were also very fond and happy to meet their needs after watching Upin-Ipin films on MNCTV Malaysia) funny stories and familiar backgrounds with the audience of children, from their hobbies and needs being met the children determine their own effects from watching the cartoon movie by imitating the language style Upin-Ipin and other characters in the cartoon also the students apply it in everyday life including in school environment

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Kepemilikan Serbuk Ampo Sebagai Bahan Peledak (Studi Putusan Nomor: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk)

AbstrakSalah satu perkara mengenai kepemilikan bahan peledak adalah pada Putusan Nomor: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk yang menyatakan terdakwa Kurniawan Azhar Amran Bin M. Rosyid bersalah melakukan telah terbukti secara syah dan meyakinkan melakukan tindak pidana menguasai, membawa, mempunyai persediaan padanya atau mempunyai dalam miliknya, menyimpan, mengangkut, menyembunyikan, mempergunakan bahan peledak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor penyebab pelaku melakukan tindak pidana kepemilikan serbuk ampo sebagai bahan peledak berdasarkan Putusan Nomor: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk adalah faktor untuk menjaga diri atau membela diri. Selain itu serbuk ampo sebagai bahan peledak yang dihasilkan dari tindak pidana ini sangat digemari karena serbuk ampo sebagai bahan peledak ini tidak terdaftar sehingga sulit terlacak, terlebih lagi mudah digunakan oleh berbagi pihak di wilayah Indonesia, diantaranya terdapat orang yang menyalahgunakan serbuk ampo sebagai bahan peledak tersebut untuk kejahatan seperti mencari ikan secara ilegal (illegal fishing). Dasar pertimbangan Hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana terhadap pelaku tindak pidana kepemilikan serbuk ampo sebagai bahan peledak berdasarkan Putusan Nomor: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk adalah hal yang memberatkan yaitu perbuatan terdakwa dapat membahayakan keselamatan orang banyak dan diri sendiri, sedangkan hal yang meringankan adalah terdakwa baru pertama kali berhadapan dengan hukum, mengakui perbuatannya serta berjanji tidak akan mengulanginya kembali, terdakwa sopan dan kooperatif selama persidangan sehingga persidangan lancar. Pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap pelaku tindak pidana kepemilikan serbuk ampo sebagai bahan peledak berdasarkan Putusan Nomor: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk adalah dengan pidana penjara selama 1 (satu) tahun dan 6 (enam) bulan dan menetapkan masa penangkapan serta penahanan yang dijalani Terdakwa dikurangkan seluruhnya dari pidana yang dijatuhkan dan menetapkan Terdakwa tetap ditahan.Kata Kunci: Bahan Peledak, Pelaku, Pertanggungjawaban Pidana, Serbuk Ampo, Tindak Pidana. AbstractOne of the cases regarding possession of explosives is in Decision Number: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk which states that the defendant Kurniawan Azhar Amran Bin M. Rosyid is guilty of having been legally and convincingly proven to have committed the crime of possessing, carrying, and possessing supplies to him. or has in his possession, keeps, transports, hides, uses explosives. The research method uses a normative and empirical juridical approach. The results showed that the factors causing the perpetrators to commit the crime of possessing ampo powder as explosives based on Decision Number: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk were factors for self-defense or self-defense. In addition, ampo powder as an explosive resulting from this crime is very popular because ampo powder as an explosive is not registered so it is difficult to track it, moreover it is easy to use by various parties in the territory of Indonesia, including there are people who misuse ampo powder as an explosive. for crimes such asillegal fishing. The judge's basic considerations in imposing a criminal offense against the perpetrators of the crime of possession of ampo powder as explosives based on Decision Number: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk are aggravating matters, namely the actions of the defendant can endanger the safety of the people and themselves, while mitigating things is the first time the defendant has faced the law, admitted his actions and promised not to do it again, the defendant was polite and cooperative during the trial so that the trial ran smoothly. Criminal liability for the perpetrators of the crime of possessing ampo powder as explosives based on Decision Number: 488/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Tjk is by imprisonment for 1 (one) year and 6 (six) months and stipulates that the period of arrest and detention served by the Defendant is deducted entirely from the sentence imposed and stipulates that the Defendant remains detained.Keywords: Ampo Powder, Criminal Act, Criminal Liability, Explosives, Perpetrator

Evaluation of the Photostability and Photodynamic Efficacy of Rose Bengal Loaded in Multivesicular Liposomes

Purpose: Rose Bengal (RB) is a potential photodynamic sensitizer in anticancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to prepare multivesicular liposomes (MVL) loaded with RB to enhance its photostability and intracellulaer photodynamic efficacy.Methods: Four MVL-RB formulations were prepared by reverse phase evaporation technique using a double emulsion method. The photostability of RB in phosphate buffer and in MVL was studied by monitoring the change in its absorption spectra at different time points following photoirradiation at 550 nm. Photodynamic cytotoxicity, intracellular uptake and localization of the most photostable MVL-RB were studied on baby hamster kidney fibroblasts to evaluate its photodynamic efficacy, compared with free RB.Results: MVL-RB demonstrated significantly slower photodegradation rates with 10-fold extended halflife compared with free RB in buffer (p < 0.05). The degradation followed pseudo first order kinetics. Photodynamic cytotoxicity studies revealed that MVL-RB increased cell mortality by 1.6 - 2.5-fold, compared to free RB, and this could be attributed to its enhanced intracellular uptake and different localization pattern in the cell, in addition to increased photostability. Conclusion: Loading RB in MVL is a promising approach to improve the photodynamic efficacy of RB, by enhancing its photostability and delivery into cells.Keywords: Rose Bengal, Photodynamic therapy, Multivesicular liposomes, Photostability, Phototoxicit

The geographic, environmental and phylogenetic evolution of the Alveolinoidea from the Cretaceous to the present day

The superfamily Alveolinoidea is a member of the Order Miliolida, and comprises three main families, the Alveolinidae, the Fabulariidae and the Rhapydioninidae. They are examples of Larger benthic foraminifera (LBF), which are single-celled organisms with specific characteristic endoskeletons. Alveolinoids are found globally from the Cretaceous to the present day, and are important biostratigraphic index fossils in shallow-marine carbonates. They are often associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs, and exhibit provincialism with characteristic genera often confined to one of the American, Tethyan or Indo-Pacific provinces. Previously, the systematic study of the global interrelationship between the various alveolinoid lineages has not been possible because of the absence of biostratigraphic correlation between the geographically scattered assemblages, and the scarcity of described material from the Indo-Pacific province. Here we use the literature and new material from the Americas, the French Alps, Iran, Tibet, India and South East Asia, coupled with the use of the planktonic foraminiferal zonal (PZ) correlation scheme to propose a comprehensive, global, systematic analysis of the biostratigraphic, phylogenetic and paleogeographic evolution of the alveolinoids. The alveolinoids originated in the Cretaceous in the Tethyan province. During a global sea-level low stand, a westward migration of some alveolinoids species to the Americas occurred, a behaviour previously reported in contemporaneous orbitolinid LBF. After the Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K–P) event, which saw the extinction of all Cretaceous alveolinoids, rare new forms of alveolinoids evolved again, first in the Americas and later independently in Tethys. As was found in previous studies of rotalid LBF, sea-level low stands in the Paleocene also allowed some alveolinoid forms to migrate, but this time in an eastward direction from the Americas to Tethys, and from Tethys on to the Indo-Pacific province. Alveolinoids still exist today (Borelis and Alveolinella), the former of which is cosmopolitan, while the latter is restricted to the Indo-Pacific province. Throughout their phylogenetic history, alveolinoids characteristically exhibit convergent evolution, with the repeated re-occurrence of certain morphological features. Understanding this propensity to homoplasy is essential in understanding and constructing the phylogenetic relationships within the alveolinoid superfamily

Tectono-stratigraphic correlations between Northern Evvoia, Skopelos and Alonnisos, and the postulated collision of the Pelagonian carbonate platform with the Paikon forearc basin (Pelagonian–Vardar zones, Internal Hellenides, Greece)

The Pelagonian stratigraphy of the Internal Hellenides consists of a Permo-Triassic basement and an Upper Triassic and Jurassic carbonate platform formation that has been overthrust by the Eohellenic ophiolite sheet during the Early Cretaceous. Intensive erosion, during the Cretaceous, removed most of the ophiolite and parts of the Jurassic formation. It is hypothesised that uplift and erosion of eastern Pelagonia was triggered by the break-off of the subducted oceanic leading edge of the Pelagonian plate. An investigation of the rocks that succeed the erosional unconformity shows that they constitute a shear-zone that is tectonically overlain by Cretaceous platform carbonates. Geochemical analyses of the shear-zone rocks substantiate that they are of mid-oceanic ridge and island arc provenience. Eastern Pelagonia collided with a Cretaceous carbonate platform, probably the Paikon forearc basin, as the Almopias ocean crust subducted beneath that island–arc complex. The Cretaceous platform, together with a substrate of sheared-off ocean floor mélange, overthrust eastern Pelagonia as subduction continued, and the substrate was dynamically metamorphosed into cataclastic rocks, mylonite, phyllonite and interpreted pseudotachylite. This complex of Cretaceous platform rocks and a brittle-ductile shear-zone-substrate constitute the here named Paikon–Palouki nappe, which was emplaced during Early Palaeocene. The Paikon–Palouki nappe did not reach Evvoia. Seismic tomographic models of the Aegean region apparently depict images of two broken-off ocean-plate-slabs, interpreted as Almopias-lithosphere-slabs. It is concluded that the western Almopias slab began to sink during the Early Cretaceous, while the eastern Almopias slab broke off and sank after the Paikon–Palouki nappe was emplaced in the Early Palaeocene