Probability of Potential Collision for Aircraft Encounters in High Density Airspaces

Failure Management consists of a set of functions that enable the detection, isolation, and correction of anomalous behavior in a monitored system trying to prevent system failures. An effective failure management should monitor the system looking for errors and faults that could end up in a failure and overcome such issues when they arise

How to Manage Failures in Air Traffic Control Software Systems

Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems are large and complex systems supervising the aircraft trajectories from departure to destination. Such systems have hard reliability and dependability requirements. Having an effective failure management in such kind of critical systems is a must for safety and security reasons. Two main approaches have been developed in the literature to implement these failure management syste

Italian guidelines for noninvasive imaging assessment of focal liver lesions: development and conclusions

Objectives To develop guidelines for the noninvasive imaging assessment of focal liver lesions comparing different imaging modalities focused on (i) evaluating the imaging techniques in terms of (a) diagnostic accuracy; (b) role in the management of oncologic patients; (c) follow-up of benign lesions; and (ii) developing standard procedure for their use in patients with focal liver lesions that require targeted diagnostic characterization. Methods An explicit search strategy was used to conduct a systematic review of the literature in the English language from January 2000 to October 2007; the search covered PubMed, Embase, Pascal, SciSearch, and Cochrane Library databases. A panel of experts evaluated the selected studies and conveyed their view. Results The online search yielded 4960 titles and abstracts from which 176 studies were considered suitable for the final adherence-to-guidelines topic evaluation. An evidence grading system was not used as the guideline topic and the heterogeneity of the collected data did not fit with the currently used hierarchy of evidence. A panel of experts formulated several recommendations with grade and level which were expressed narratively and nonschematically. Conclusion The recommendations reported in the study are based on an extensive literature evaluation and were developed by considering the appropriateness of the choice of the imaging techniques while noninvasively detecting and characterizing focal liver lesions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:343-353 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins