Relationships among the blood-feeding inhibition (BFI), the deterrence and the personal protection as measured in experimental hut trials.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0170732#sec002" target="_blank">Methods</a> for details on the mathematical relationship among BFI, deterrence and personal protection. Values of BFI and deterrence from studies cited in the review by Strode <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0170732#pone.0170732.ref006" target="_blank">6</a>] have been plotted when both indicators can be extracted from Fig 2 and Table 12 of this review article.</p

Summary of the experimental hut trials included in the analysis.

<p>Summary of the experimental hut trials included in the analysis.</p

Model selection and cross-validation for colony authentication in <i>Anopheles arabiensis</i> (Model 3).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Error rate as a function of the number of peaks included in the SDA model for five <i>A. arabiensis</i> colonies and the total error rate over all colonies. The peaks were ranked according to the correlation-adjusted <i>t</i>-scores (CAT scores). The vertical, red line shows the 23 peaks chosen for the SDA model (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057486#pone.0057486.s004" target="_blank">Table S4</a>). (<b>B</b>) Top 23 peaks included in SDA model after they were ranked according to CAT scores (<i>i.e.</i> peak with highest CAT score appears at the top of the list). The length and direction of the horizontal blue bars represents the CAT scores of the centroid versus the pooled mean and shows the influence of a particular peak in differentiating between the colonies.</p

Laboratory colonies included to build the shrinkage discriminant analysis (SDA) models.

1<p>Model 1: SDA model to discriminate between members of the <i>A. gambiae</i> species complex.</p>2<p>Model 2: SDA model to discriminate between M and S molecular forms within <i>A. gambiae</i> s.s.</p>3<p>Model 3: SDA model to classify specimens to their colony of a single species, <i>i.e. A. arabiensis</i>.</p

Dendrogram of hierarchical, unsupervised clustering of binary peaks (presence/absence).

<p>While the <i>Anopheles</i> species (complexes) are well separated by the cluster algorithm, the sibling species of the <i>A. gambiae</i> complex (coloured lines) do not segregate into well defined clusters. Specimens, both from the same species and colony, are split into different groups. The external branches represent each measured specimen. For each colony spectra from 10 specimens were recorded and included in the cluster analysis. The labels give the names of the colonies (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057486#pone-0057486-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). The length of the branches corresponds to the size of the Dice similarity coefficient.</p

Model selection and cross-validation to discriminate between species of the <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> complex (Model 1).

<p>(<b>A</b>) The graph shows the error rate from the cross-validation plotted as a function of the number of the ranked peaks included in the SDA model that discriminates between members of the <i>A. gambiae</i> species complex. The peaks were ranked (left to right) according to the correlation-adjusted <i>t</i>-scores (CAT scores). The vertical, red line shows the 68 peaks chosen for the SDA model. (<b>B</b>) List with the 68 ranked peaks (top equals highest rank) their corresponding CAT scores. The length and direction of the horizontal blue bars represents the CAT scores of the centroid versus the pooled mean and show the influence of a particular peak in differentiating between the groups (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057486#pone.0057486.s002" target="_blank">Table S2</a>). For example the top peak, M12369.6 has a strong influence in separating <i>A. merus</i> from all the other species, emphasised by the length of the bar and the opposite direction from the bars of the other species. In contrast, the tenth peak, M12527.3 has a stronger influence in separating <i>A. gambiae</i> s.s. from <i>A. arabiensis</i>. AR: <i>A. arabiensis</i>; GA: <i>A. gambiae</i> s.s.; ME: <i>A. merus</i>; QD: <i>A. quadriannulatus</i>.</p

Total number of peaks versus number of diagnostic peaks present in average spectra from the <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> species complex.

<p>The number of diagnostic peaks present is associated with the number of total peaks present in an average peak list. The diagnostic peaks refer to the 68 selected peaks to distinguish within the <i>A. gambiae</i> species complex (Model 1). The plot suggests that the field specimens collected by aspiration (green crosses) were generally of lower quality (<i>i.e.</i> showing fewer peaks) than the specimens that were raised from the larvae; regardless whether from laboratory (black circles) or field caught larvae (red triangles).</p

Laboratory colonies included in the MALDI-TOF MS analysis.

1<p>MR4: Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Center, VA, USA. Numbers in brackets are MR4 reference numbers; IRD: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; Swiss TPH: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. Numbers in brackets indicate the MR4 catalogue number.</p

Examples of MALDI-TOF MS spectra for <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> sensu stricto and <i>A. arabiensis</i>.

<p>Examples of representative MALDI-TOF MS spectra measured from 3 <i>A. arabiensis</i> (blue) and 3 <i>A. gambiae</i> s.s. (red) colonies. The spectra were taken from crude suspensions of heads and thoraces in SA solution. The vertical, dashed lines indicate peaks that are characteristic (but not exclusive) for one or the other species. The left panels show the whole spectra between 2 and 14 kDa, while the right panels zoom into two peaks. The two peaks are separated by only a few Daltons. While the left peak is more common in <i>A. arabiensis</i>, the right peak is more common in <i>A. gambiae</i> s.s. In this representation the peak intensities were normalised against the highest intensity measured in each spectrum.</p

Synthesis of the behavioural response of <i>An. gambiae</i> females to DEET, permethrin and 20 plant extracts at 3 concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 1% of product in the solution on chromatographic papers).

<p>0 = significant difference from the control with Fisher’s test,+ = significant difference from the control with Fisher’s test at one concentration.</p