SWIMMING VELOCITY COMPARISSON BETWEEN ELITE SWIMMING AND TRIATHLON BRAZILIAN ATHLETES

The purpose of this study was to identify the pattern of elite athletes in velocity modalities swimming and triathlon through Velacqua equipment comparing the kinematic variables that affect the performance of these two modalities in swimming. Participated at this study eight swimmers and eight triathletes, who performed a 25m swimming at maximal speed. The results showed higher VS to swimmers than the triathletes, indicating a higher performance of this group. It is also observed greater values of Vmin, lower CV values and greater LS values indicating that the swimmers are able to maintain more constant velocity, and they do not let the velocity decreases too much during the competition

Staphylococcus aureus resistente à ampicilina em ambiente de Clínica Odontológica

The aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of Sthaphylococcus spp. and S. aureus in the odontological clinic environment (air), their production of beta-lactamase and antibacterial susceptibility to the major antibiotics utilized in medical particle. During 12 months of samples collect were isolated 9775 CFU by MSA medium suggesting a high amount of Staphylococcus spp. in the clinic environment which can appear through aerosols. A total of 3149 colonies (32.2%) were suggestive of pathogenic staphylococci. Gram coloration, catalase test, colony-mallow growing on chromogenic medium, and coagulase test confirmed the identity of 44 (0.45%) S. aureus isolates. Of these, 35 isolates (79.5%) showed production of beta-lactamase by CefinaseTM discs and resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin (7 isolates) and tetracycline (1 isolate) suggesting the existence of multiresistant isolates. The evaluation of the oxacillin MIC by Etest® assays showed susceptibility patterns suggesting the inexistence of the mecA gene in chromosomal DNA. These results point out to the need of a larger knowledge on the contamination means and propagation of this microorganism into the odontological clinic.Foi avaliada a prevalência de Staphylococcus spp. e S. aureus no ambiente clínico odontológico, a produção de beta-lactamase e a susceptibilidade antibacteriana aos principais antibióticos utilizados na prática clínica. Durante 12 meses de coleta de amostras foram isolados 9775 UFC no meio de cultura AMS, demonstrando uma elevada quantidade de Staphylococcus spp. no ambiente clínico, provavelmente em decorrência da propagação de aerossóis. Um total de 3149 colônias (32,2%) foi sugestivo de estafilococos patogênicos. Coloração de Gram, teste de catalase, crescimento de colônias-malva sobre meio cromogênico e teste de coagulase confirmaram a identidade de 44 (0,45%) isolados de S. aureus. Destes, 35 isolados (79,5%) mostraram produção de beta-lactamase através de discos de CefinaseTM e resistência a ampicilina, eritromicina (7 isolados) e tetraciclina (1 isolado), sugerindo a existência de isolados multirresistentes. A avaliação do MIC de oxacilina através dos ensaios de Etest® mostrou padrões de susceptibilidade o que sugere a inexistência do gene mecA gene no DNA cromossômico. Estes resultados apontam para a necessidade de um maior conhecimento sobre os meios de contaminação e propagação deste microrganismo dentro da clínica odontológica

Electrophoretic Protein Patterns And Numerical Analysis Of Candida Albicans From The Oral Cavities Of Healthy Children.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein polymorphism degree among seventy-five C. albicans strains from healthy children oral cavities of five socioeconomic categories from eight schools (private and public) in Piracicaba city, São Paulo State, in order to identify C. albicans subspecies and their similarities in infantile population groups and to establish their possible dissemination route. Cell cultures were grown in YEPD medium, collected by centrifugation, and washed with cold saline solution. The whole-cell proteins were extracted by cell disruption, using glass beads and submitted to SDS-PAGE technique. After electrophoresis, the protein bands were stained with Coomassie-blue and analyzed by statistics package NTSYS-pc version 1.70 software. Similarity matrix and dendrogram were generated by using the Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA algorithm, respectively, which made it possible to evaluate the similarity or intra-specific polymorphism degrees, based on whole-cell protein fingerprinting of C. albicans oral isolates. A total of 13 major phenons (clusters) were analyzed, according to their homogeneous (socioeconomic category and/or same school) and heterogeneous (distinct socioeconomic categories and/or schools) characteristics. Regarding to the social epidemiological aspect, the cluster composition showed higher similarities (0.788 < SD < or = 1.0) among C. albicans strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic bases (high, medium, or low). Isolates of high similarity were not found in oral cavities from healthy children of social stratum A and D, B and D, or C and E. This may be explained by an absence of a dissemination route among these children. Geographically, some healthy children among identical and different schools (private and public) also are carriers of similar strains but such similarity was not found among other isolates from children from certain schools. These data may reflect a restricted dissemination route of these microorganisms in some groups of healthy scholars, which may be dependent of either socioeconomic categories or geographic site of each child. In contrast to the higher similarity, the lower similarity or higher polymorphism degree (0.499 < or = SD < 0.788) of protein profiles was shown in 23 (30.6%) C. albicans oral isolates. Considering the social epidemiological aspect, 42.1%, 41.7%, 26.6%, 23.5%, and 16.7% were isolates from children concerning to socioeconomic categories A, D, C, B, and E, respectively, and geographically, 63.6%, 50%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 30%, 25%, and 14.3% were isolates from children from schools LAE (Liceu Colégio Albert Einstein), MA (E.E.P.S.G. Prof. Elias de Melo Ayres), CS (E.E.P.G. Prof. Carlos Sodero), AV (Alphaville), HF (E.E.P.S.G. Honorato Faustino), FMC (E.E.P.G. Prof. Francisco Mariano da Costa), and MEP (E.E.P.S.G. Prof. Manasses Ephraim Pereira), respectively. Such results suggest a higher protein polymorphism degree among some strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic strata or geographic sites. Complementary studies, involving healthy students and their families, teachers, servants, hygiene and nutritional habits must be done in order to establish the sources of such colonization patterns in population groups of healthy children. The whole-cell protein profile obtained by SDS-PAGE associated with computer-assisted numerical analysis may provide additional criteria for the taxonomic and epidemiological studies of C. albicans.45249-5

Padrões eletroforéticos de proteínas e análise numérica de Candida albicans isoladas da cavidade oral de crianças saudáveis

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar os graus de polimorfismos protéicos entre setenta e cinco linhagens de C. albicans isoladas da cavidade oral de crianças saudáveis provenientes de cinco categorias socioeconômicas e oito escolas (particulares e públicas) do município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, a fim de identificar subespécies de C. albicans e suas similaridades em grupos de populações infantis e estabelecer suas possíveis rotas de disseminação. Culturas celulares foram desenvolvidas em meio YEPD, coletadas por centrifugação e lavadas com solução salina gelada. As proteínas celulares totais foram extraídas por rompimento celular usando pérolas de vidro e submetidas à técnica de SDS-PAGE. Após a eletroforese, as bandas de proteínas foram coradas com Coomassie-blue e analisadas pelo conjunto de programas estatísticos NTSYS-pc versão 1.70. Matriz de similaridade e dendrograma foram gerados, pela aplicação do coeficiente de similaridade de Dice e do algoritmo UPGMA, respectivamente, os quais permitiram avaliar os graus de polimorfismo ou similaridade intra-específico, baseados nos padrões eletroforéticos de proteínas totais de isolados orais de C. albicans. Um total de 13 principais fenons (grupos) foi analisado de acordo com suas características homogêneas (categoria socioeconômica e/ou escola idênticas) e heterogêneas (categorias socioeconômicas e/ou escolas diferentes). Com relação ao aspecto epidemiológico socioeconômico, as composições dos grupos mostraram alta similaridade (0.788 < S D < 1.0) entre algumas linhagens de C. albicans isoladas de crianças saudáveis independentemente de suas camadas socioeconômicas (alta, média e baixa). Isolados de alta similaridade não foram encontrados nas cavidades orais de crianças saudáveis pertencentes às camadas sociais A e D, B e C, ou C e E. Isto pode ser explicado pela ausência de uma rota de disseminação entre estas crianças. Geograficamente, algumas crianças saudáveis entre escolas idênticas e diferentes (particulares e públicas) também são portadoras de linhagens semelhantes, mas tal similaridade não foi encontrada entre outros de determinadas escolas. Esses dados podem refletir uma rota de disseminação restrita destes microrganismos em alguns grupos de escolares saudáveis, a qual pode ser dependente da categoria socioeconômica ou local geográfico de cada criança. Em contraste à alta similaridade, a baixa similaridade ou alto grau de polimorfismo (0.499 < S D < 0.788) dos perfis protéicos foi demonstrado em 23 (30,6%) isolados orais de C. albicans. Considerando o aspecto epidemiológico social, 42,1%, 41,7%, 26,6%, 23,5% e 16,7% foram isolados de crianças provenientes das categorias socioeconômicas A, D, C, B e E, respectivamente, e geograficamente, 63,6%, 50%, 33,3%, 33,3%, 30%, 25% e 14,3% foram isolados de crianças provenientes das escolas LAE, MA, CS, AV, HF, FMC e MEP, respectivamente. Tais resultados sugerem um maior grau de polimorfismo entre algumas linhagens isoladas de crianças saudáveis independentemente de suas camadas sociais ou locais geográficos. Estudos complementares envolvendo escolares saudáveis e seus familiares, professores, serventes, hábitos nutricionais e de higiene deverão ser realizados a fim de estabelecer as fontes de tais padrões de colonização em grupos de populações de crianças saudáveis. Os perfis de proteínas totais obtidos por SDS-PAGE associados com análise numérica computadorizada podem proporcionar critérios adicionais para os estudos epidemiológicos e taxonômicos de C. albicans.The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein polymorphism degree among seventy-five C. albicans strains from healthy children oral cavities of five socioeconomic categories from eight schools (private and public) in Piracicaba city, São Paulo State, in order to identify C. albicans subspecies and their similarities in infantile population groups and to establish their possible dissemination route. Cell cultures were grown in YEPD medium, collected by centrifugation, and washed with cold saline solution. The whole-cell proteins were extracted by cell disruption, using glass beads and submitted to SDS-PAGE technique. After electrophoresis, the protein bands were stained with Coomassie-blue and analyzed by statistics package NTSYS-pc version 1.70 software. Similarity matrix and dendrogram were generated by using the Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA algorithm, respectively, which made it possible to evaluate the similarity or intra-specific polymorphism degrees, based on whole-cell protein fingerprinting of C. albicans oral isolates. A total of 13 major phenons (clusters) were analyzed, according to their homogeneous (socioeconomic category and/or same school) and heterogeneous (distinct socioeconomic categories and/or schools) characteristics. Regarding to the social epidemiological aspect, the cluster composition showed higher similarities (0.788 < S D < 1.0) among C. albicans strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic bases (high, medium, or low). Isolates of high similarity were not found in oral cavities from healthy children of social stratum A and D, B and D, or C and E. This may be explained by an absence of a dissemination route among these children. Geographically, some healthy children among identical and different schools (private and public) also are carriers of similar strains but such similarity was not found among other isolates from children from certain schools. These data may reflect a restricted dissemination route of these microorganisms in some groups of healthy scholars, which may be dependent of either socioeconomic categories or geographic site of each child. In contrast to the higher similarity, the lower similarity or higher polymorphism degree (0.499 < S D < 0.788) of protein profiles was shown in 23 (30.6%) C. albicans oral isolates. Considering the social epidemiological aspect, 42.1%, 41.7%, 26.6%, 23.5%, and 16.7% were isolates from children concerning to socioeconomic categories A, D, C, B, and E, respectively, and geographically, 63.6%, 50%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 30%, 25%, and 14.3% were isolates from children from schools LAE (Liceu Colégio Albert Einstein), MA (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Elias de Melo Ayres"), CS (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Carlos Sodero"), AV (Alphaville), HF (E.E.P.S.G. "Honorato Faustino), FMC (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Francisco Mariano da Costa"), and MEP (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Manasses Ephraim Pereira), respectively. Such results suggest a higher protein polymorphism degree among some strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic strata or geographic sites. Complementary studies, involving healthy students and their families, teachers, servants, hygiene and nutritional habits must be done in order to establish the sources of such colonization patterns in population groups of healthy children. The whole-cell protein profile obtained by SDS-PAGE associated with computer-assisted numerical analysis may provide additional criteria for the taxonomic and epidemiological studies of C. albicans

Breeding Cows Body Condition and Dry Matter Availability in Natural Pastures under Rotational System

The livestock production in Rio Grande do Sul is based on natural pastures, which suffer great productive seasonality throughout the year, especially due to the quantitative and qualitative deficit that it goes through in the winter months. The existing dynamic between the animal and the forage is fundamental for a better reproductive performance of the brood cows, and consequently an increase of the productivity of beef cattle. The calf herd generation is, certainly, the fundamental element of the full cycle livestock. Knowing the potentiality and understanding the dynamism of the natural fields is a fundamental condition for the choice of adequate handling methods. The present work had as an objective the analysis of the existing correlations between the availability and quality of dry matter of natural pastures in relation to the body conditions of brood cows under a rotation pasture regime. The experiment was conducted in Santana do Livramento/RS, and comprised the period of March to October, 2019. For the determination of the forage mass, visual estimation and double sampling techniques were simultaneously used. The systematization of the experimental area and rotation order of the pickets were determined through a tool developed by the National Institute of Farming Investigation (INIA). The animals were visually evaluated through the body condition score (BCS). The results obtained regarding the availability of dry matter in kg/DM/ha were: 1594, 1159, 2332, 1464, 1048 and 2022. The measurements regarding the proportion of green matter on offer (%) prior to grazing of the animals, were: 65, 45, 35, 70, 70 and 55. The BCS evaluations at the end of each month were 2.98, 2.46, 2.73, 2.85, 3.15 and 3.15. The general body condition followed the trends in GM proportion (%, an indicator of quality) and the variation of DM/ha (quantity), and despite the physiological stage of the animals, there was a BCS evolution

Advances in Recombinant Lipases: Production, Engineering, Immobilization and Application in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Lipases are one of the most used enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry due to their efficiency in organic syntheses, mainly in the production of enantiopure drugs. From an industrial viewpoint, the selection of an efficient expression system and host for recombinant lipase production is highly important. The most used hosts are Escherichia coli and Komagataella phaffii (previously known as Pichia pastoris) and less often reported Bacillus and Aspergillus strains. The use of efficient expression systems to overproduce homologous or heterologous lipases often require the use of strong promoters and the co-expression of chaperones. Protein engineering techniques, including rational design and directed evolution, are the most reported strategies for improving lipase characteristics. Additionally, lipases can be immobilized in different supports that enable improved properties and enzyme reuse. Here, we review approaches for strain and protein engineering, immobilization and the application of lipases in the pharmaceutical industry

A qualidade do ambiente domiciliar influencia nas habilidades funcionais de crianças na primeiríssima infância?

The literature extensively associates child development with the quality of environmental stimulation, however, there are few studies that verify this relationship with the child's functional abilities. Thus, this study aims to investigate which opportunities in the home environment are associated with and explain the functional mobility skills and social function of children in early childhood. This is a cross-sectional and exploratory study, with 74 infants aged 6 to 18 months. To assess the opportunities, present in the home environment, the instrument Affordances in the Home Environment Motor Development - Infant Scale was used, and to assess the functional abilities of children, the Pediatric Assessment of Disability Inventory was used. As a result, we find the mobility of children can be explained in 45.6% (adjusted R² = 0.45) and the social function was explained in 30% (adjusted R² = 0.30) by the amount of gross motor toys, equipment and by the variety of stimulation present in the home environment. It is concluded that positions, toys and materials that keep the child more restricted and less active exert a negative influence. On the other hand, toys that provide greater mobility and interaction favor the functional abilities of mobility and social function.| La literatura ha asociado ampliamente el desarrolloinfantil con la calidad de la estimulación en el entorno. Sin embargo,pocos estudios han verificado si esta asociación está relacionada conlas habilidades funcionales del niño. Este estudio tiene como objetivoanalizar y explicar qué oportunidades en el entorno del hogar estánasociadas con las habilidades funcionales de movilidad y función socialde niños en la primera infancia. Se trata de un estudio transversal yexploratorio, realizado con 74 niños de los 6 a los 18 meses de edad.Para evaluar las oportunidades presentes en el entorno del hogar,se utilizó el instrumento affordances in the home environment motordevelopment – infant scale. Para evaluar las habilidades funcionalesde los niños, se utilizó el inventario para la evaluación pediátrica dela discapacidad. Se observó que la movilidad de los niños se puedeexplicar en un 45,6% (R² ajustado=0,45) y la función social en un 30%(R² ajustado=0,30) por la cantidad de juguetes de motricidad gruesa,equipos y por la variedad de estimulación presente en el entornodel hogar. Se concluye que las posiciones, juguetes y materialesque mantienen al niño más restringido y menos activo ejercen unainfluencia negativa. Por otro lado, los juguetes que aportan mayormovilidad e interacción favorecen las habilidades funcionales demovilidad y función social del niñoA literatura, extensamente, associa o desenvolvimento infantil à qualidade da estimulação ambiental. Entretanto, são escassos os estudos que verificam esta relação com as habilidades funcionais da criança. Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar quais oportunidades no ambiente domiciliar estão associadas e explicar as habilidades funcionais de mobilidade e função social de crianças na primeiríssima infância. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e exploratório, com 74 crianças entre 6 e 18 meses. Para avaliar as oportunidades presentes no ambiente domiciliar, foi utilizado o instrumento Affordances in the Home Environment Motor Development - Infant Scale. Para avaliar as habilidades funcionais das crianças, foi utilizado o Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Incapacidade. Observou-se que a mobilidade das crianças pode ser explicada em 45,6% (R² ajustado = 0,45) e a função social foi explicada em 30% (R² ajustado = 0,30) pela quantidade de brinquedos de motricidade grossa, equipamentos e pela variedade de estimulação presente no ambiente domiciliar. Conclui-se que posições, brinquedos e materiais que mantém a criança mais restrita e menos ativa exercem influência negativa. Por outro lado, brinquedos que oportunizam um maior deslocamento e interação favorecem as habilidades funcionais de mobilidade e função social

MANEJO ECOFISIOLÓGICO DO PASTO NA PRODUÇÃO DE OVINOS

Objetivou-se com esta revisão de literatura apresentar alguns resultados de pesquisa, por meio de trabalhos que buscaram consolidar a melhor forma de manejo das pastagens e do pastejo. Buscou-se aliar estudos já existentes na área, para comparar com os resultados obtidos com as novas técnicas. Nas pesquisas são utilizadas os sitemas de pastejo sob lotação continua e sob lotação rotativa, com o âmbito de equilibrar o manejo com a fisiologia da planta. Conclui-se com os resultados de pesquisas que cada cultivar deve ter seu própio manejo, pois reagem de forma diferente após a desfolhação. Porém, sem um manejo adequado da estrutura do pasto, nem o animal e nem a planta poderão exercer seu máximo potencial produtivo. Neste sentido, estudos devem ser realizados para que possamos entender e aliar o manejo do pastejo com o manejo da pastagem, maximizando o sistema de produção.

PERSPECTIVAS AGROECOLÓGICAS NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA COMUNIDADE RURAL: O CASO DE CERRO PELADO/URUGUAI

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223611708648This study proposes an analysis of rural development community with reference to empirical rural locality of CerroPelado located in Uruguay. The main objective is to analyze the perspective of socio-environmental relationsagroecological community Cerro Pelado. For the research methods used were direct observation, field journal,literature review and semi structured interviews. Analyses of agroecology focus efforts on community dimension inwhich they operate farmers, ie the sociocultural reality that provides an intellectual and political praxis of localidentity and its network of social relations. Cerro Pelado is shown integrated with pampa, resists modernizationprocess through the enhancement of their local culture and its countryside. The integration to the pampa is observedthrough the modes of production of farmers using cattle breeding as their main activity, thus revealing his identitygaucha.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223611708648Nesse estudo propôs uma análise do desenvolvimento rural comunitário, tomando como referência empírica a localidade rural de Cerro Pelado localizada no Uruguai. O objetivo central é analisar sob a perspectiva agroecológica as relações socioambientais da comunidade de Cerro Pelado. Para a pesquisa foram utilizados métodos de observação direta, diário de campo, revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas semiestruturadas. As análises da agroecologia concentram esforços na dimensão comunitária em que se inserem os agricultores, isto é, a realidade sociocultural que proporciona uma práxis intelectual e política da identidade local e de sua rede de relações sociais. Cerro Pelado mostra-se integrado ao pampa, resiste ao processo de modernização através da valorização de sua cultura local e sua paisagem campestre. A integração ao pampa se observa através dos modos de produção dos agricultores familiares que utilizam a criação do gado como principal atividade, evidenciando assim sua identidade gaúcha.