Participación ciudadana y presupuesto participativo en la Municipalidad Distrital de Santiago de Surco durante el período 2016

La investigación lleva por título Participación ciudadana y presupuesto participativo en la Municipalidad Distrital de Santiago de Surco durante el período 2016. La participación de la ciudadanía en la gestión del estado tanto como en las decisiones ha dado lugar a diferentes mecanismos y procedimientos siendo uno de ellos el Presupuesto Participativo, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación que existe entre la participación ciudadana sus dimensiones y el Presupuesto participativo del distrito de Santiago de Surco durante el periodo 2016. El método utilizado en la investigación es el hipotético deductivo correlacional, ya que plantean la existencia de relaciones de tipo estadístico o paramétricas entre variables para este caso cuantitativas y bivariado, la investigación es de tipo básica ya que a través de ella se concebirán nuevos juicios que se esgrimirán de base para otros estudios. El diseño utilizado en esta investigación es no experimental ya que no se ha manipulado las variables se ha hecho observación del comportamiento de estas, se utilizó dos instrumentos uno por cada variable midiendo su validez y confiabilidad con el KR20. Se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para poder determinar la correlación entre la Participación Ciudadana y el Presupuesto Participativo, teniendo como resultado trascendental de esta investigación comprobar las hipótesis diseñadas para las dos variables. Se determinó la relación que existe entre la variable Participación ciudadana y el Presupuesto participativo que hay un nivel de correlación moderada r=0.417 y p = 0.000 además los resultados estadísticos nos indican que hay significancia, esto mismo sucede con las tres dimensiones estudiadas obteniéndose niveles de relación moderada y con significancia entre ello

INTERTIDAL BIODIVERSITY IN CENTRAL CHILE REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL

ABSTRACT Along the coast of central Chile, geographic trends of diversity have been inferred from literature compilations and museum collections based on species range limits for some taxonomic groups. However, spatially-intensive fieldbased assessments of macrobenthic species richness are largely missing. Over the course of a multiyear study (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005), we characterized latitudinal patterns of rocky intertidal diversity at 18 sites along the coast of central Chile (29-36º S). At each site, the number of sessile and mobile macrobenthic species was quantified in 0.25 m 2 quadrats. Two estimators of local (alpha) diversity were used: observed local species richness, calculated from the asymptote of a species-rarefaction curve, and the Chao2 index, which takes into account the effect of rare species on estimates of local richness. We identified a total of 71 species belonging to 66 genera for a total of 86 taxa. The most diverse groups were herbivorous mollusks (27 taxa) and macroalgae (43 taxa). Diversity showed a complex spatial pattern with areas of high species richness interspersed with areas of low richness. In accordance with previous work, we found no trend in the number of herbivorous mollusks and an inverse and significant latitudinal gradient in the number of algal species. Our results highlight the need for taxonomically diverse assessments of biodiversity of the dominant taxa that conform intertidal communities

Participación ciudadana y presupuesto participativo en la Municipalidad Distrital de Santiago de Surco durante el período 2016

La investigación lleva por título Participación ciudadana y presupuesto participativo en la Municipalidad Distrital de Santiago de Surco durante el período 2016. La participación de la ciudadanía en la gestión del estado tanto como en las decisiones ha dado lugar a diferentes mecanismos y procedimientos siendo uno de ellos el Presupuesto Participativo, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación que existe entre la participación ciudadana sus dimensiones y el Presupuesto participativo del distrito de Santiago de Surco durante el periodo 2016. El método utilizado en la investigación es el hipotético deductivo correlacional, ya que plantean la existencia de relaciones de tipo estadístico o paramétricas entre variables para este caso cuantitativas y bivariado, la investigación es de tipo básica ya que a través de ella se concebirán nuevos juicios que se esgrimirán de base para otros estudios. El diseño utilizado en esta investigación es no experimental ya que no se ha manipulado las variables se ha hecho observación del comportamiento de estas, se utilizó dos instrumentos uno por cada variable midiendo su validez y confiabilidad con el KR20. Se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para poder determinar la correlación entre la Participación Ciudadana y el Presupuesto Participativo, teniendo como resultado trascendental de esta investigación comprobar las hipótesis diseñadas para las dos variables. Se determinó la relación que existe entre la variable Participación ciudadana y el Presupuesto participativo que hay un nivel de correlación moderada r=0.417 y p = 0.000 además los resultados estadísticos nos indican que hay significancia, esto mismo sucede con las tres dimensiones estudiadas obteniéndose niveles de relación moderada y con significancia entre ello

Magnolia veliziana A. Vazquez, Tribouillier & Archila 2021, sp. nov.

Magnolia veliziana A.Vázquez, Tribouillier & Archila, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) Type:— GUATEMALA. El Quiché: municipality of Chajul, Santa Clara, 1260 m, 15°42’36.89”N, 91°00’57.49”W, with Vochysia guatemalensis Lippia myriocephala, Licaria misantlae, Hedyosmum mexicanum, 12 Jun 2019 (fl, fr), Tribouillier & Archila MG-065 (holotype: BIGU; isotypes: AGUAT, BIGU, IBUG). Magnolia veliziana belongs to M. sect. Magnolia and is similar to M. sororum from Costa Rica, differing from the latter in having glabrescent to glabrous twigs, petioles abaxially glabrous and adaxially glabrescent, leaves abaxially glabrescent, apex acuminate to cuspid (–acute), smaller flowers and petals, larger polyfollicles and more carpels (Table 4). Another similar species is M. guatemalensis, from which it differs in having broadly obovate-oblong sepals to broadly elliptical, smaller length to width ratio, smaller flowers, larger fulvo-velutinous polyfollicles and more carpels and stamens. Trees 10.0–15.0 m tall, 45.0–55.0 cm DBH; twigs glabrous to glabrous; petiole 1.6–3.1 cm long, canaliculate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially fulvo-pubescent to glabrescent; leaves (12.0–)14.0–22.6 × (4.9–) 7.1–9.4 cm, elliptical, narrowly elliptical to obovate (-lanceolate), apex acuminate to cuspidate (-acute), base acute to shortly decurrent (- obtusa), adaxially fulvo-pale glabrous to glabrous with pubescence mainly observed on the coast and at the base of the leaf, abaxially strigose glabrescent to glabrous, mainly on the coast, at the base and on the margin, pale orange trichomes; with 11–14 pairs of veins per side; flowers 10.5–13.0 cm in diameter; spathaceous bracts 2, adaxially glabrous, abaxially fulvo-strigose (–glabrescent), the external 4.5–4.6 × 4.6–5.6 cm, the internal 4.5–5.4 × 4.4–6.4 cm; peduncle 2.0–4.1 (1.9–3.3 corresponding to the largest segment) × 0.7–0.8 cm, thickly strigose light orange, then glabrescent; sepals 5.2–5.5 × 3.2–3.5 cm, greyish, broadly obovate-oblong to broadly elliptical, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely fulvo-pubescent, then glabrescent; petals 6, white, the external 3, 5.4–5.9 × 2.9–3.2 cm, obovate, the internal 5.1–5.6 × 2.1–2.3 cm; narrowly obovate; staminophore (in flower) 0.6–0.9 × 0.5–0.7 cm, red; (in fruit) 0.8–1.0 × 0.8–0.9 cm, dark purple; stamens 103–111, 1.5–1.6 cm long; gynoecium 2.2–2.3 × 1.1–1.2 cm, ellipsoid, velutinous, the pubescence yellow-orange; polifollicles (6.8–)7.6–8.8 × (2.4–) 2.9–3.5 cm, oblong to ovoid-oblong, fulvo-velutinous, follicles 47–55(–58), 1.3–2.4 (0.3–0.4 corresponding to style) × 1.0– 1.3 cm; seeds with orange sarcotestas. Distribution, phenology and ecology:— Known from one locality in Chajul Municipality, El Quiché, 1260–1600 m, in remnant cloud forest, flowering June–August, fruiting October–December. Other specimens examined:— GUATEMALA. El Quiché: municipality of Chajul, Santa Clara, 1260 m, 15°42’36.89”N, 91°00’57.49”W, 21 Aug 2019 (fl, fr), Tribouillier & Archila MG-066, MG-067, MG-068, MG-069 (MEXU, NY); 230 m SW from the type locality, 15° 42’ 28.58”N, - 91° 0’ 50.11”W; 13 March 2020 (fl, fr), Tribouillier & Archila MG-053, MG-099 (BIGU). Etymology:— Named in honour of Ing. Agr. Mario Esteban Véliz Pérez (1964–), Coordinator-curator of the BIGU Herbarium, who has contributed substantially to the knowledge of the flora of Guatemala. Conservation status:— This endemic species is considered critically endangered (CR), unofficially meeting criteria D of the IUCN (2019): the only known population includes less than 50 adult individuals sampled in the type locality and another nearby site less than 250 m distant.Additionally, the area of occupation can be described by a single minimal possible grid cell of 4 km ² because the species is endemic to the cloud forest of the municipality of Chajul. The actual and potential exploitation levels in the area remain high, since surrounding cloud forests are fragmented by logging for conversion from forest to pasture and agriculture, leading to the ongoing risk of destruction.Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Tribouillier-Navas, Erick, Archila, Fredy, Véliz, Mario, Peña, A. Salome Ortega & Shalisko, Viacheslav, 2021, Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala, pp. 57-70 in Phytotaxa 529 (1) on pages 64-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/581428

Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala

Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Tribouillier-Navas, Erick, Archila, Fredy, Véliz, Mario, Peña, A. Salome Ortega, Shalisko, Viacheslav (2021): Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala. Phytotaxa 529 (1): 57-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.

Magnolia oscarrodrigoi A. Vazquez, Tribouillier & Archila 2021, sp. nov.

<i>Magnolia oscarrodrigoi</i> A.Vázquez, Tribouillier & Archila, <i>sp. nov</i>. (Fig. 3) <p> Type:— GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: municipality of Cobán, 1300 m, 15°28’46.2”N, 90°20’45.2”W, with <i>Vochysia guatemalensis</i>, <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, <i>Toxicodendron striatum</i>, <i>Pinus maximinoi</i>, <i>Syzygium jambos</i>, <i>Persea schiedeana,</i> on the banks of the Cahabón River; Jun 2010 (fl, fr), <i>Tribouillier & Archila MG-106</i> (holotype: BIGU; isotypes: BIGU, IBUG).</p> <p> <i>Magnolia oscarrodrigoi</i> belongs to <i>M</i>. sect. <i>Magnolia</i> and is similar to <i>M. montebelloensis</i>, differing from the latter in having elliptical leaves, longer peduncles, fewer spathaceous bracts, larger flowers, sepals and petals, smaller staminophore, more stamens and globose, glabrous polyfollicles (Table 2).</p> <p>Trees 20.0–25.0 m high, 100.0–120.0 cm DBH; petiole 2.0–3.0 cm long, pubescent on inner edges; leaves 9.0– 12.0 × 4.0–6.0 cm, elliptical, sharp-retuse apex, acute base, adaxially glabrous, abaxially strongly glaucous, sparsely pubescent but densely pubescent on the edges of new leaves, with 15–17 veins per side; flowers 14.0–16.0 cm in diameter, white; spathaceous bract 1, 4.5–5.0 × 3.8–4.2 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially golden yellow, hairy; flower stalk 2.5–3.2 × 0.7–0.8 cm, golden-yellow to hairy-orange-yellow, then glabrescent; sepals 3, 6.7–7.5 × 2.9–3.4 cm, narrowly obovate to elliptical, apex uncinate; petals 6, white, apically uncinate, the outer ones 7.0–7.8 × 2.5–3.1 cm, elliptical-obovate, the internal ones 5.5–6.0 × 2.2–3.0 cm, elliptical; staminophore 0.4–0.5 × 0.5–0.6 cm; stamens 107– 112, 1.3–1.5 × 0.3– 0.3 cm; gynoecium 2.4–2.7 × 1.2–1.7 cm, ovoid, glabrous, slightly glaucous green; polyfollicles 5.3–5.4 × 3.2–3.3 cm, globose glabrous, green, glaucous, follicles 32–39, 1.8–2.2 × 0.8–1.0 cm, apex straight, 0.3–0.5 cm long, persistent.</p> <p> <b>Distribution, phenology and ecology:—</b> Known only from the type locality in gallery forest, from a small forest fragmented by urban expansion, 1300 m, flowering March–June, fruiting June–September.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:—</b> Named for Oscar Rodrigo Archila Cortez, co-collector of the species.</p> <p> <b>Conservation status:—</b> An endemic species with a localized distribution, currently known only from a single population in the border of Cobán and San Pedro Carchá municipalities, Alta Verapaz. Unofficially considered critically endangered (CR), using criterion D of the IUCN (2019). The number of observed mature trees in the known population is four, so it is safe to estimate that population is less than 50 individuals given the small extent of the gallery forest of the Cahabón River towards Cobán and the rare occurrence of mature individuals in this habitat discovered during field exploration. Additionally, it was deduced that the population in the type locality currently may be experiencing several threats because nearby unprotected forests have been cut down for urban and/or agricultural expansion.</p> <p> <b>Other specimens examined:</b> — GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: municipality of San Pedro Carchá, 1300 m, 15°28’46.22”N, 90°20’28.79”W, with <i>Vochysia guatemalensis</i>, <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, <i>Toxicodendron striatum</i>, <i>Pinus maximinoi</i>, <i>Syzygium jambos</i>, <i>Persea schiedeana,</i> on the banks of the Cahabón River, Jun 2010 (fl, fr), <i>Tribouillier & Archila MG-012</i> (BIGU); municipality of Cobán, 1300 m s.n.m. 15°28’46.2”N, 90°20’45.2”W, 5 May 2021, <i>Aguilar MG-107, MG-108</i> (BIGU).</p>Published as part of <i>Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Tribouillier-Navas, Erick, Archila, Fredy, Véliz, Mario, Peña, A. Salome Ortega & Shalisko, Viacheslav, 2021, Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala, pp. 57-70 in Phytotaxa 529 (1)</i> on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5814288">http://zenodo.org/record/5814288</a&gt

Magnolia javieri A. Vazquez, Tribouillier & Archila 2021, sp. nov.

<i>Magnolia javieri</i> A.Vázquez, Tribouillier & Archila, <i>sp. nov.</i> (Fig. 2) <p> Type:— GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: Municipality of Tactic, Finca Río Frio, 1345 m, 15°20’32.7”N, 90°25’09.1”W, with <i>Spondias purpurea</i>, <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, <i>Alnus acuminata</i>; <i>Perymenium grande, Persea schiedeana</i> and <i>Pouteria viridis</i>, Feb 2015 (fl, fr), <i>Tribouillier & Archila MG-077</i> (holotype: BIGU; isotype: IBUG).</p> <p> <i>Magnolia javieri</i> belongs to the <i>M</i>. sect. <i>Magnolia</i> and is similar to <i>M. archilana</i>, also from Alta Verapaz, differing from the latter in its smaller, abaxially glabrous leaves vs. abaxially ferruginous-pubescent on the veins, apex deeply emarginate vs. round, apiculate; smaller flowers and fruits (Table 1). Another similar species is <i>M. guatemalensis</i> from the Alta Verapaz Department. It differs in its longer petiole, smaller leaves and abaxially glabrous, shorter peduncles, smaller flowers, sepals and petals, fewer stamens, glabrescent polyfollicles and more carpels.</p> <p>Trees 9.0–12.0 m tall, 30.0 cm diameter at 1.3 m above ground; branches 0.5 cm in diameter; petiole 2.3–2.8 × 0.2–0.3 cm, inconspicuously ribbed and basally slightly geniculate glabrous; leaves 9.0–11.0 × 5.0– 7.5 cm, obovate, glabrous on both surfaces, with 14 veins per side, apex deeply emarginate, base obtuse, strongly revolute; flowers 9.0– 10.0 cm in diameter, white; perules 0.9 × 0.3 cm, glabrous; rough, spathaceous bract 1, 2.0 cm long and 2.0 cm wide, glabrous on both surfaces, with a small group of hairs on the apex; flower peduncle 1.5–1.8 × 0.4–0.6 cm, glabrous, ribbed; sepals 3, 4.0–4.3 × 1.5–1.7 cm, white-greenish, glabrous, oblong, rounded apex, with conspicuous veins; petals 6, 4.5–4.6 × 2.2–2.3 cm, white, spatulate, glabrous; staminophore 0.5–0.7 cm long; purple; stamens 80–82, 0.8–0.9 cm long; gynoecium 1.6–1.8 × 1.0– 1.2 cm, greenish white, glabrescent with pubescence at the base and edges of the carpels, the hairs hyaline; polyfollicles 4.0–4.4 × 1.8–2.0 cm, ellipsoid, pale green, glabrescent, pendulous at maturity, suberect in their juvenile stage, follicles 40–44, 1.1–1.2 × 0.4–0.5 cm; seeds 0.4 × 0.5 cm, with salmon-coloured sarcotestas.</p> <p> <b>Distribution, phenology and ecology</b>: <b>—</b> Known only from Tactic, Alta Verapaz and Uspantán, Quiché with only 24 individuals, at 1350–1670 m in cloud forest; flowering June–August, fruiting August–September.</p> <p> <b>Other specimens examined:—</b> GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: municipality of Tactic, Finca Río Frío, 1345 m, Aug 2020 (fl, fr), <i>Tribouillier & Archila MG-078</i> (BIGU). El Quiché: municipality of Uspantán, 1661 m, 15°20’51.2”N, 90°50’17.0”W, Jun 2021 (fl) <i>Vázquez, et al.10191</i> (IBUG); (fl) <i>Aguilar et al. MG-100</i> (BIGU); (inm. fl) <i>Aguilar et al. MG-101</i> (BIGU); (fl) <i>Aguilar et al. MG-102</i> (BIGU); (inm. fl) <i>Aguilar et al. MG-103</i> (BIGU); (inm. fl) <i>Aguilar et al. MG-104</i> (BIGU); (fl) <i>Aguilar et al. MG-105</i> (BIGU)</p> <p> <b>Etymology:—</b> Dedicated to Javier Archila Cortez, co-collector of the species.</p> <p> <b>Conservation status:—</b> Endemic to two locations in Alta Verapaz and Quiché. After field exploration, no further populations were encountered. The species was unofficially assessed as endangered (EN), fulfilling criterion B2ab (iii) following IUCN (2019) criteria, version 14. The area of occupancy of population was estimated as 8 km 2 using the 2× 2 km grid cells, thus the taxon meets the B2 area of occupancy requirement for critically endangered species. However, in the number of localities, the taxon does only fulfils the conditions for endangered. The condition (b (iii)) is fulfilled as the decline in species habitat area is inferred, since the species habitat in type locality is at risk of destruction in absence of conservation actions, caused by logging of forests for establishment of monoculture plantations of <i>Pinus maximinoi</i> Moore (1966: 8). Additional factors considered in the assessment include the severe fragmentation of the potential habitat due to the expansion of the agriculture, cutting of trees for firewood and production of timber and establishment of other commercial forest monocultures. These forests are not within any protected area.</p>Published as part of <i>Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Tribouillier-Navas, Erick, Archila, Fredy, Véliz, Mario, Peña, A. Salome Ortega & Shalisko, Viacheslav, 2021, Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala, pp. 57-70 in Phytotaxa 529 (1)</i> on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5814288">http://zenodo.org/record/5814288</a&gt

Magnolia Linnaeus 1753

Key to the native species of Magnolia in Guatemala 1 Petioles with conspicuous stipular scar, polyfollicles with circumscissile dehiscence (Magnolia sect. Talauma)............................2 - Petioles without stipular scar, polyfollicles with dorsal dehiscence (Magnolia sect. Magnolia).......................................................4 2 Carpels 7–12, stamens 40–44, leaves 6.9–8.1 cm wide...................................................................................................... M. quetzal - Carpels 22–42, stamens 75–108, leaves 12.0–23.0 cm wide.............................................................................................................3 3 Flowers 20.2–22.2 cm in diameter, leaves 40.0–42.0 × 18.9–23.0 cm, carpels 38–42, floral bracts 2................................... M. ottoi - Flowers 12.5–16.0 cm in diameter, leaves 22.5 × 12.5 cm, carpels 30–32, floral bracts 1........................................ M. steyermarkii 4 Mature fruit pubescent........................................................................................................................................................................5 - Mature fruits glabrous to glabrescent.................................................................................................................................................7 5 Mature leaves 30.0–43.0 cm long......................................................................................................................................... M. mayae - Mature leaves 7.5–23.0 cm long.........................................................................................................................................................6 6 Fruits 6.8–8.8 cm long, stamens 103–111, carpels 47–55 (–58)...................................................................................... M. veliziana - Fruits 3.0– 5.7 cm long, stamens 61–93, carpels 23–28............................................................................................... M. hondurensis 7 Leaves broadly obovate, elliptical and ovate, margin of the leaves revolute.....................................................................................8 - Leaves oblong, lanceolate, elliptical to narrowly obovate, margin of the leaves not revolute.........................................................10 8 Flowers 9–10 cm in diameter, leaves glabrous on both surfaces, apex emarginate, fruits 4.4 cm long............................... M. javieri - Flowers 12–15 cm in diameter, ferruginous leaves on the underside (at least the veins), apex acute, round to apiculate, fruits 4.8–7.5 cm long..................................................................................................................................................................................9 9 Petals 8.3–8.5 cm long, stamens 73–76, carpels 34–39, fruits 7.0– 7.5 cm long............................................................. M. archilana - Petals 6.5–7.0 cm long, stamens 92–98, carpels 22–25, fruits 4.8–5.2 cm long..................................................... M. guatemalensis 10 Stamens 53–94..................................................................................................................................................................................11 - Stamens (97–)100–120.....................................................................................................................................................................14 11 Pollyfollicles 40–50..........................................................................................................................................................................12 - Pollyfollicles 22–35..........................................................................................................................................................................13 12 Leaves ≤ 10 cm long................................................................................................................................................. M. tribouillierana - Leaves 10–24 cm long .................................................................................................................................................... M. yoroconte 13 Spataceous bracts 3, leaf tip acute to obtuse, lateral veins 11–12, pubescent to glabrescent carpels, reddish floral staminophore................................................................................................................................................................................... M. montebelloensis - Spathaceous bracts 2, abruptly acuminate leaf apex, 13–17 lateral veins, glabrous carpels, purple floral staminophore............................................................................................................................................................................................................ M. poqomchi 14 Spathaceous bracts 1, globose fruits rel. l: a 1.66: 1, glabrous, 5.3–5.4 cm long, lateral leaf veins 15–17............ M. oscarrodrigoi - Spathaceous bracts 2, oblongoid fruits rel. l: a 2.16: 1, glabrescent, 5.5–6.5 cm long, lateral leaf veins 10–14............................................................................................................................................................................................................. M. faustinomirandaePublished as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Tribouillier-Navas, Erick, Archila, Fredy, Véliz, Mario, Peña, A. Salome Ortega & Shalisko, Viacheslav, 2021, Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala, pp. 57-70 in Phytotaxa 529 (1) on pages 68-69, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/581428

Magnolia faustinomirandae A. Vazquez 2013

Magnolia faustinomirandae A.Vázquez (2013: 463) (Fig. 5). Type:— MÉXICO. Chiapas: 5 km south-east of Jitotol along the road to Bochil, Municipality Jitotol, open forest with Pinus, Quercus, Nyssa, Liquidambar and Brunellia, 1600 m, 9 Jan 1981 (fr), Breedlove 49350 (holotype: CAS!, 2 sheets; isotypes: CH! MEXU!). Magnolia faustinomirandae belongs to the Magnolia sect. Magnolia and has been previously confirmed only from populations in cloud forests near the type locality but not verified in situ for the last four decades. Based on morphology and supported by shared climate (similar rainfall and temperature regimes), M. faustinomirandae is here confirmed from several populations in Quiché, Guatemala. Despite differences in the underlying geology between these disjunct populations (ca. 247 km apart), magnolias are not lithophytes, but rather rely on soil quality. Additionally, M. faustinomirandae shares with M. mayae a similar biogeographical niche, the former occurring within 124 km of radius and the latter within 104 km of radius, the two geographically converging at the Maya Highlands in Quiché, Guatemala, where they are only 7 km apart and diverging in the Tierras Altas de Chiapas (Morrone 2017) where they are 66 km apart. However, the two species differ in leaf morphology and habitat, M. mayae much larger (nearly twice as long) in rainforest (760–1350 m), whereas M. faustinomirandae occurs in open cloud forests (1400–1700 m) often composed of pines and oaks. Furthermore, the distribution of these three species could in part be explained by bird dispersal, since tucaneta esmeralda (Aulacorhynchus prasinus) and motmot have been observed to disperse Magnolia seeds (F.Archila, unpubl.) and they also occur in the upper Mesaoamerican region (https://ebird.org/home). Trees 5.0–23.0 m tall, 40.0–50.0 cm DBH; terminal twigs 0.5–0.8 × 0.4–0.5; petioles 1.5–3.0 cm, thickened at the base; leaves (10.0–)12.0–25.0 × (5.0–)7.0–12.0 cm, obovate to elliptic, rarely lanceolate, 10–14 pair of veins; peduncles densely yellowish pilose; flowers 9–14 cm in diam., spathaceaous bracts 2, 4.0–5.1 × 4.1–5.3 cm; peduncle 1.5–3.4(–4.5) × (0.5–) 0.6–0.7 cm; sepals 3, strongly reflexed and concave, soon becoming dark brown and contrasting with the creamy white petals; petals (5–)6, broadly to narrowly obovate, strongly concave, creamy white, with a lemony fragrance; stamens ca. 100–120 (estimated from staminal scars); gynoecium rhomboid, glabrescent, stigmas curved outward (1.8–)2.2–2.5 × (1.0–) 1.2–1.3 cm; polyfollicle obongoid 5.0–6.5 × 2.5–3.0 cm, carpels 36–40; seeds (1–)2 per carpel, becoming black after drying. Magnolia faustinomirandae shares with Magnolia pugana (Iltis & Vázquez 1994: 14) Vázquez & Carvajal (2002:137) the shape of fruit and a similar number of carpels, but it differs in having leaf apex subacuminate vs. acute, peduncles densely hairy vs. glabrous, petals (5–)6 vs. (6–)7, stigmas curved outward vs. almost uncurled, sepals soon becoming dark brown and contrasting with the creamy white petals vs. fading pale brown all together with the creamy white petals, gynoecium glabrescent vs. glabrous. Magnolia faustinomirandae was formerly treated as M. aff. yoroconte (Vázquez-García 1990, 1994). However, it differs from M. yoroconte in being a smaller tree, up to 23.0 m vs. up to 42.0 m, and having larger leaves (10.0–)12.0–25.0 × (5.0–)7.0–12.0 vs. 12.0 × 5.0 cm, sepals soon becoming dark brown contrasting much from petals vs. white at anthesis, gynoecium rhomboid, glabrescent, yellowish pubescent at the lower third of its length vs. oblongoid, pubescent at the base only, stigmas curved outward, conspicuous vs. straight, less conspicuous, and a fewer carpels 36–40 vs. 40–50. Specimens from Los Tuxtlas, México, are excluded. Distribution, phenology and ecology:— Disjunct but endemic to the Maya Highlands (1400-1700 m), the northern populations in Jitotol, Chiapas, and the southern populations in Quiché, in open cloud forest with Pinus, Quercus, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica and Brunellia mexicana, flowering March–June, fruiting January. Eponymy, ethnobotany and conservation:— Magnolia faustinomirandae was named in honour of Professor Faustino Miranda, who devoted his life to botany, studying algae and the flora and vegetation of Chiapas. There is no use recorded for this species in Chiapas, México, but in Guatemala it is a first-quality wood, locally known as corazón negro (black heart). The species is critically endangered, perhaps extinct in the type locality because no other collections from that area are known. The precise location and legal protection of populations of this species are urgently needed. In Guatemala its major threat is use as timber. Other specimens examined:— MÉXICO. Chiapas: La Cumbre, km 65, Jitotol, 26 Apr 1964 (just past fl), MacDougall s.n. (MEXU); few miles beyond Bojil [Bochil] toward Pueblo Nuevo, within 100 yards beyond the 65 km post on that road, 4 Aug 1964 (sterile), McDaniel s.n., 26491- PI 302799 (grown at NA from cuttings grafted on M. virginiana × M. grandiflora understock); 29 Jun 1973 (fl), Meyer & Eisenbeiss s.n. (NA, 3 sheets including two black and white photographs and a separate colour slide). GUATEMALA. El Quiché: Chajul, Encuentros Amacchel, 15°41´N, 91°01´W, 1550 m, 11 Jan 2019 (fl), Tribouillier & Archila MG-076 (BIGU); 15 Feb 2019 (fl, fr), Tribouillier & Archila MG-077, MG-078 (BIGU, IBUG); 7 Mar 2019 (fr), Tribouillier & Archila MG-079, MG-080 (BIGU, AGUAT); 10 Jan 2020 (fl), Tribouillier & Archila MG-081, MG-082 (BIGU); 10 Jan 2020 (fl, fr), Tribouillier & Archila MG-083, MG-084, MG-085, MG-086 (BIGU, IBUG); Chajul, Finca La Perla, 15°36´N, 91°06´W, 1700 m, 25 Oct 2010 (fr), Tribouillier ET-465 (BIGU). Specimens from Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, were excluded because they have fewer carpels and smaller fruits, and future work may indicate that these populations represent a taxon separate from M. faustinomirandae. Notes:— Magnolias of Guatemala display a pattern mostly associated with the north-wet-arc (Wendt 1987), and two thirds of the Guatemalan magnolias are endémic except for three shared with México: M. faustinonomirandae, M. mayae and M. montebelloensis. Two are shared with El Salvador and/or Honduras: M. hondurensis and M. yoroconte; the magnolias of Belize are still poorly understood (Fig. 1.1). Two centres of Magnoliaceae diversity and endemism occur in Guatemala and contribute to the high endemism of the country (Veliz et al. 2014, Archila et al. 2018), suggesting at first a pattern of sympatric speciation: one centre in the Maya Highlands of Huehuetenango-Quiché and another in the Verapaces region, possibly associated with areas of higher rainfall as suggested by Gentry (1988) but separated along a gradient of decreasing rainfall from west to east and by the dryer Chixoy watershed. Magnolia montebelloensis and M. javieri are the only species shared by the two areas (Fig. 1.2). Two of the species, M. ottoi and M. steyermarkii, belong to a different clade in M. sect. Talauma. These two species are allopatric, each confined to a different department (Fig. 1.3). Within the Huehuetenango-Quiché region five species of Magnolia sect. Magnolia co-occurr: M. mayae ecologically adapted to lowlands in the lower montane rainforest (700–1350 m), whereas M. faustinomirandae, M. javieri, M. montebelloensis and M. veliziana occur in open cloud forest mixed with pine and oak at higher elevation (1400–1700 m) (Fig. 1.4). Within the Verapaces region, six species of M. sect. Magnolia co-occur: M. archilana, M. guatemalensis, M. javieri, M. oscarrodrigoi, M. poqomchi and M. tribouillieriana (Fig. 1.5). The eastern part of Guatemala has two species, M. yoroconte and M. hondurensis, representing a marginal distribution of species mostly distributed in El Salvador and/or Honduras (Fig. 1.6).Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Tribouillier-Navas, Erick, Archila, Fredy, Véliz, Mario, Peña, A. Salome Ortega & Shalisko, Viacheslav, 2021, Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala, pp. 57-70 in Phytotaxa 529 (1) on pages 66-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/581428