Population ecology of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and an imperiled species in Europe

The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus) is both an invasive non-native species in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America and an imperiled species in much of its native range in North America and Europe. To compare and contrast how understanding of population ecology is useful for control programs in the Great Lakes and restoration programs in Europe, we review current understanding of the population ecology of the sea lamprey in its native and introduced range. Some attributes of sea lamprey population ecology are particularly useful for both control programs in the Great Lakes and restoration programs in the native range. First, traps within fish ladders are beneficial for removing sea lampreys in Great Lakes streams and passing sea lampreys in the native range. Second, attractants and repellants are suitable for luring sea lampreys into traps for control in the Great Lakes and guiding sea lamprey passage for conservation in the native range. Third, assessment methods used for targeting sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes are useful for targeting habitat protection in the native range. Last, assessment methods used to quantify numbers of all life stages of sea lampreys would be appropriate for measuring success of control in the Great Lakes and success of conservation in the native range

Pb–Zn–Cd–As Pollution in Soils Affected 1 by Mining Activities in Central and Southern 2 Spain: a Scattered Legacy Posing Potential 3 Environmental and Health Concerns

In this chapter, published geochemical data for soils from several Pb–Zn mine sites and districts from Spain are reviewed. Although most of the mines have closed down, a legacy of highly polluted soils still remains throughout the sites constituting a potential hazard for the environment and human health. The fate of the studied metals and metalloids in these soils is mainly controlled by factors such as mining methods, concentration and metallurgical operations, mineralogy of the ore, gangue and host rock, fracturing of the host rocks, physiography, climate, and soil types (pedogenic evolution). It can be concluded that the most polluted soils (identified on the basis of an enrichment factor) are those of the Sierra Minera (La Unión District – SE Spain), at more than 488 (Pb), 163 (Zn), 99 (Cd), and 1698 (As) times the background values from non-contaminated soils. Pb is usually related to As, which in turn is bound to Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides.Metal bearing jarosite and other soluble phases also play a relevant role in the studied soil–water systems, because these minerals are dissolved during intense rainy events, thus resulting in high rates of metal leaching and mobilization by runoff