Seuils d'oscillation de la clarinette : validité de la représentation excitateur-résonateur

National audienceDepuis Helmholtz, le fonctionnement des instruments entretenus est représenté par un système bouclé faisant apparaître un bloc excitateur et un bloc résonateur. Dans le cas de la clarinette étudiée ici, l'excitateur désigne l'anche modulant le débit d'air entrant et le résonateur le corps de l'instrument. Si cette représentation est communément admise, se pose la question de la séparabilité de ces deux blocs et de l'observabilité des grandeurs physiques qui les lient. Dans le cadre de l'étude du seuil d'oscillation, nous inspectons la validité de cette représentation indépendamment de toute modélisation des blocs : les seuils mesurés sont comparés avec ceux obtenus par la théorie des oscillateurs dans laquelle sont introduites les valeurs expérimentales des paramètres du modèle. Les pressions de seuil et les fréquences émergentes obtenues en (3) et (4) sont comparées. L'interprétation des différences fait intervenir les difficultés d'accéder exactement expérimentalement au point de bifurcation (indépendamment de la qualité du contrôle), la caractérisation expérimentale incomplète du système excitateur (en particulier, le débit d'anche n'est pas mesuré), et les incertitudes qui pèsent sur la mesure d'impédance d'entrée d'une clarinette du fait de la géométrie du bec. Toutefois, l'exploitation directe des mesures permet de s'affranchir d'incertitudes qui seraient introduites par une modélisation paramétrique des éléments excitateur et résonateur

Seuils d'oscillation d'un instrument de musique à anche simple : protocole expérimental & instrumentation d'une bouche artificielle

National audienceSingle reed instruments like clarinet and saxophone may be considered as the coupling of an acoustic resonator (the bore of the instrument) and the reed which acts as a valve modulating the air flow blown by the musician. The blowing pressure required for sound emergence is mainly determined by the acoustic characteristics of the bore. However previous studies explain that it may be largely influenced by the way the player controls the dynamical behaviour of the reed, in particular how the player's lips damp the mechanical resonance of the reed. We will present preliminary xperimental work in order to compare the measurements with the pressure threshold theory

Response of an artificially blown clarinet to different blowing pressure profiles

Using an artificial mouth with an accurate pressure control, the onset of the pressure oscillations inside the mouthpiece of a simplified clarinet is studied experimentally. Two time profiles are used for the blowing pressure: in a first set of experiments the pressure is increased at constant rates, then decreased at the same rate. In a second set of experiments the pressure rises at a constant rate and is then kept constant for an arbitrary period of time. In both cases the experiments are repeated for different increase rates. Numerical simulations using a simplified clarinet model blown with a constantly increasing mouth pressure are compared to the oscillating pressure obtained inside the mouthpiece. Both show that the beginning of the oscillations appears at a higher pressure values than the theoretical static threshold pressure, a manifestation of bifurcation delay. Experiments performed using an interrupted increase in mouth pressure show that the beginning of the oscillation occurs close to the stop in the increase of the pressure. Experimental results also highlight that the speed of the onset transient of the sound is roughly the same, independently of the duration of the increase phase of the blowing pressure.Comment: 14 page

An instrumented saxophone mouthpiece and its use to understand how an experienced musician play

International audienceAn instrumented saxophone mouthpiece has been developed to measure, during the player's performance, the evolution of important variables: the mouth pressure, the mouthpiece pressure and the force applied on the reed by the lower lip. Moreover, according to the pressure signals in the mouth and in the mouthpiece, the instantaneous ratio of the vocal tract input impedance and of the saxophone input impedance is estimated at frequencies multiple of the playing frequency (using the concept of Gabor mask). On the selected sound examples, analyses reveal many aspects of the strategies of the player. First of all, the role of the vocal tract in the characteristics of the sound production is sometimes prominent. Secondly, the sound production on the desired note (and register) as well as pitch correction seem to be the result of complementary adjustments of the mouth pressure and of the lip pressure on the reed. This is not in agreement with musicians feeling, since they often claim to let their force on the reed unchanged during the note and from note to note

Unified semi-analytical wall boundary conditions applied to 2-D incompressible SPH

International audienceThis work aims at improving the 2-D incompressible SPH model (ISPH) by adapting it to the unified semi-analytical wall boundary conditions proposed by Ferrand et al. [10]. The ISPH algorithm considered is as proposed by Lind et al. [25], based on the projection method with a divergence-free velocity field and using a stabilising procedure based on particle shifting. However, we consider an extension of this model to Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations based on the k- turbulent closure model, as done in [10]. The discrete SPH operators are modified by the new description of the wall boundary conditions. In particular, a boundary term appears in the Laplacian operator, which makes it possible to accurately impose a von Neumann pressure wall boundary condition that corresponds to impermeability. The shifting and free-surface detection algorithms have also been adapted to the new boundary conditions. Moreover, a new way to compute the wall renormalisation factor in the frame of the unified semi-analytical boundary conditions is proposed in order to decrease the computational time. We present several verifications to the present approach, including a lid-driven cavity, a water column collapsing on a wedge and a periodic schematic fish-pass. Our results are compared to Finite Volumes methods, using Volume of Fluids in the case of free-surface flows. We briefly investigate the convergence of the method and prove its ability to model complex free-surface and turbulent flows. The results are generally improved when compared to a weakly compressible SPH model with the same boundary conditions, especially in terms of pressure prediction

Myeloid Malignancies

AbstractIn addition to chemotherapy, which remains the basic treatment, the treatment panel for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has expanded considerably in recent years. Clinicians now have a large choice of therapies: targeted therapies (anti-IDH1/2, anti-FLT3, and anti-BCL2 therapies, among others), drugs targeting epigenetic mechanisms, kinase inhibitors (FLT3, MAPK, and JAK2, etc.), immunotherapies (monoclonal antibodies linked or not to a toxin, dual/bispecific), and cellular immunotherapies. Moreover, despite its toxicities, allogeneic transplantation often remains an effective final therapeutic alternative. However, most patients are refractory or relapsed (R/R) after several lines of therapy. Thus, there is a clinical need in AML R/R patients, and CAR-T cells may be an option and can find a place in the treatment to reduce tumour burden and clinical evolution of the disease (Fig. 18.1, modified from Roussel et al. (2020))

Aerodynamic performances of rounded fastback vehicle

Experimental and numerical analyzes were performed to investigate the aerodynamic performances of a realistic vehicle with a different afterbody rounding. This afterbody rounding resulted in a reduction to drag and lift at a yaw angle of zero, while the crosswind performances were degraded. Rounding the side pillars generated moderate changes to the drag and also caused important lift reductions. A minor effect on the drag force was found to result from the opposite drag effects on the slanted and vertical surfaces. The vorticity distribution in the near wake was also analyzed to understand the flow field modifications due to the afterbody rounding. Crosswind sensitivity was investigated to complete the analysis of the aerodynamic performances of the rounded edges models. Additional tests were conducted with geometry modifications as spoilers and underbody diffusers

WAKE STRUCTURE AND DRAG OF VEHICLES WITH ROUNDED REAR EDGES

The wake structure at the rear of road vehicle is known to be of prime importance in aerodynamics performances [3]: about 30% of the total pressure drag derives from the rear end of the vehicle. While production vehicle present significant curvature at the rear end, most of fundamental aerodynamic analyses were carried out around simplified car models presenting sharp edges at the rear. Since recently, very few papers addressed the question of rear edges curvature in aerodynamics performances. Thacker et al. Showed that rounding the edge between the end of the roof and the rear slant suppressed the separation over the rear window and resulted in 10% drag reduction. Fuller et al.Studied the effect on spatial stability and intensity of the pillar vortex when rounding the side rear pillars. For both of these works, the analysis was focused on the flow behaviour over the rear window: the impact of the rear end rounding on the near wake topology was not discussed. The current study aims to understand how the use of rounded pillars with respect to sharp edges modifies the flow field (over the body surface and in the near wake) and hence the global drag. Moreover, an “academic” and an “industrial” model will be characterized to discuss the applicability of simplified models to simulate properly the sensitivity of pillars rounding

A time-step-robust algorithm to compute particle trajectories in 3-D unstructured meshes for Lagrangian stochastic methods

The purpose of this paper is to propose a time-step-robust cell-to-cell integration of particle trajectories in 3-D unstructured meshes in particle/mesh Lagrangian stochastic methods. The main idea is to dynamically update the mean fields used in the time integration by splitting, for each particle, the time step into sub-steps such that each of these sub-steps corresponds to particle cell residence times. This reduces the spatial discretization error. Given the stochastic nature of the models, a key aspect is to derive estimations of the residence times that do not anticipate the future of the Wiener process. To that effect, the new algorithm relies on a virtual particle, attached to each stochastic one, whose mean conditional behavior provides free-of-statistical-bias predictions of residence times. After consistency checks, this new algorithm is validated on two representative test cases: particle dispersion in a statistically uniform flow and particle dynamics in a non-uniform flow