Innovative substrates for sugarcane seedling production: Sewage sludges and rice husk ash in a waste-to-product strategy.

Recent advances in the sucroenergy production chain include a new way of planting sugarcane based on a method of seedling propagation which requires a significant amount of substrate. Since the sucroenergy sector has been noted as having cleaner energy production, it is imperative that sustainable substrates suitable for the production of sugarcane seedlings be developed. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop innovative substrates with solar-dried sewage sludges and rice husk ash to compose substrates for sugarcane seedling production. Batches of sewage sludges were collected in open drying beds from three different municipal wastewater treatment plants from the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: from Passo Fundo city (treated by anaerobic digestion), from Rio Grande city (aerobic digestion) and from Santa Maria city (aerobic digestion). Rice husk ash was obtained from a rice processing industry in the Pelotas industrial region in southern Brazil. The content of trace elements and the pathogenicity of pure sewage sludge (SS) were analyzed. The nutrient content of SS and rice husk ash (RHA) was determined. Twelve substrates with differing ratios of SS, RHA, and vermiculite were formulated to evaluate the subsequent development of sugarcane seedlings. Chemical and physical attributes were determined in all substrates and compared to a commercial substrate. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using mini-setts of sugarcane of the RB867515 genotype. Fifteen days after planting the seedlings were evaluated for stalk diameter, shoot height, shoot dry weight and root, and the Dickson quality index was determined. Sewage sludge showed low levels of heavy metals and pathogenic organisms and high contents of nutrients, especially nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients such as Zn and Cu, showing promising suitability as a substrate component for seedling production. In general, substrates of all tested proportions of SS and RHA promoted greater shoot and root dry weight and a superior Dickson Quality Index than the commercial substrate used as reference, except for the formulation containing 87.5 % SS. The viability of combining sludges from municipal wastewater treatment plants and rice husk ash into one product was confirmed using a set of biometric attributes and nutrient tissue contents obtained from the production of sugarcane seedlings

The bone marrow compartment is modified in the absence of galectin-3

Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a β-galactoside binding protein present in multivalent complexes with an extracellular matrix and with cell surface glycoconjugates. In this context, it can deliver a variety of intracellular signals to modulate cell activation, differentiation and survival. In the hematopoietic system, it was demonstrated that gal-3 is expressed in myeloid cells and surrounding stromal cells. Furthermore, exogenous and surface gal-3 drive the proliferation of myeloblasts in a granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent manner. Here, we investigated whether gal-3 regulates the formation of myeloid bone marrow compartments by studying galectin-3−/− mice (gal-3−/−) in the C57BL/6 background. The bone marrow histology of gal-3−/− mice was significantly modified and the myeloid compartments drastically disturbed, in comparison with wild-type (WT) animals. In the absence of gal-3, we found reduced cell density and diaphyseal disorders containing increased trabecular projections into the marrow cavity. Moreover, myeloid cells presented limited capacity to differentiate into mature myeloid cell populations in gal-3−/− mice and the number of hematopoietic multipotent progenitors was increased relative to WT animals. In addition, bone marrow stromal cells of these mice had reduced levels of GM-CSF gene expression. Taken together, our data suggest that gal-3 interferes with hematopoiesis, controlling both precursors and stromal cells and favors terminal differentiation of myeloid progenitors rather than proliferation

Measurements of [script B]([overline B]^0 → Λ_c^+[overline p]) and [script B](B^- → Λ_c^+[overline p]π^-) and studies of Λ_c^+π^- resonances

We present an investigation of the decays [overline B]^0 → Λ_c^+[overline p] and B^- → Λ_c^+[overline p]π^- based on 383×10^6 γ(4S) → B[overline B] decays recorded with the BABAR detector. We measure the branching fractions of these decays; their ratio is [script B](B^- → Λ_c^+[overline p]π^-)/[script B]([overline B]^0 → Λ_c^+[overline p])=15.4 ± 1.8 ± 0.3. The B^- → Λ_c^+[overline p]π^- process exhibits an enhancement at the Λ_c^+[overline p] threshold and is a laboratory for searches for excited charm baryon states. We observe the resonant decays B^- → ∑_c(2455)^0[overline p] and B^- → ∑_c(2800)^0[overline p] but see no evidence for B^- → ∑_c(2520)^0[overline p]. This is the first observation of the decay B^- → ∑_c(2800)^0[overline p]; however, the mass of the observed excited ∑_c^0 state is (2846 ± 8 ± 10) MeV/c^2, which is somewhat inconsistent with previous measurements. Finally, we examine the angular distribution of the B^- → ∑_c(2455)^0[overline p] decays and measure the spin of the ∑_c(2455)^0 baryon to be 1/2, as predicted by the quark model