CHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES FROM GENUS PREMNA AND THEIR IMMUNOMODULATORY POTENTIALS

Epidemiological data today show an increase in immune diseases; hence increasing awareness to maintain and increase the body's immunity is essential. Immunomodulators are substances that improve the human immune system by stimulating, inhibiting, or regulating components in the immune system. Plants produce secondary metabolites which provide beneficial effects on human health, including immunomodulatory properties. Natural immunomodulators can be used to minimize side effects and toxicity compared to synthetic materials because using synthetic immunomodulators may result undesirable side effects, such as pulmonary toxicity, myelosuppression, alopecia, and nephrotoxicity. Besides that, using plants as medicine is safer to use, more effective against a wide spectrum of pathogens, and relatively cheaper than synthetic medicine. Some of the medicinal plants which have immunomodulatory properties belong to the genus Premna from Lamiaceae. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and fatty acids supported the pharmacological effect of Premna sp. as immunomodulatory agent. The present work reviews some species in genus Premna, which were the subject of literature search based on major scientific databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, SpringerLink, Science Direct, Scopus, Mendeley, and Google Scholar. This review presents a series of selected plants from genus Premna sp. including their chemical and pharmacological properties as well as immunomodulatory potential

Identification of Dysbiosis Related Bacteria from New Zealand’s White Rabbit Intestinal Treated With Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 as Probiotics Food Supplementation

The gastrointestinal microoganisms encompass thousands of bacterial species that constitute a relatively stable ecosystem inside human body. Dysbiosis is an imbalance condition of beneficiary microbacteria cause by newer microorganism. This research aimed to investigate the effect of L. plantarum IS-10506 as probiotics supplementation on total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae count; and also to identify the dysbiosis causing bacteria. Total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae number on both control and test group were determined by Total Plate Count method. Identification of dysbiosis related bacteria were determined by fermentation test, gram staining, and Microbact™ 12A kit. The TPC result of total bacterial population on control group was 222.67 x 106 cfu/ml, while the probiotics induced group was 210.33 x 106 cfu/ml. As for the TPC result for Enterobacteriaceae population from control group was 12.00 x 106 cfu/ml, Enterobacteriaceae population in the probiotics induced group was 11.66 x 106 cfu/ml. Four genera related to dysbiosis has been isolated from the intestinal sample and all are rod-shaped Gram negative bacteria. In conclusion, the use of L. plantarum IS-10506 as food supplementation has reduced the total bacterial count. Four genera of dysbiosis related bacteria has been identified from the intestinal sample which include Eschericia, Serratia, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter

Identification of Dysbiosis Related Bacteria from New Zealand’s White Rabbit Intestinal Treated With Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 as Probiotics Food Supplementation

The gastrointestinal microoganisms encompass thousands of bacterial species that constitute a relatively stable ecosystem inside human body. Dysbiosis is an imbalance condition of beneficiary microbacteria cause by newer microorganism. This research aimed to investigate the effect of L. plantarum IS-10506 as probiotics supplementation on total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae count; and also to identify the dysbiosis causing bacteria. Total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae number on both control and test group were determined by Total Plate Count method. Identification of dysbiosis related bacteria were determined by fermentation test, gram staining, and Microbact™ 12A kit. The TPC result of total bacterial population on control group was 222.67 x 106 cfu/ml, while the probiotics induced group was 210.33 x 106 cfu/ml. As for the TPC result for Enterobacteriaceae population from control group was 12.00 x 106 cfu/ml, Enterobacteriaceae population in the probiotics induced group was 11.66 x 106 cfu/ml. Four genera related to dysbiosis has been isolated from the intestinal sample and all are rod-shaped Gram negative bacteria. In conclusion, the use of L. plantarum IS-10506 as food supplementation has reduced the total bacterial count. Four genera of dysbiosis related bacteria has been identified from the intestinal sample which include Eschericia, Serratia, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter